Table 1 Description and means of covariates

Female headed household (1/0)

0.19

0.09

0.19

0.21

Female children 0–13 (1/0)

0.18

0.15

0.16

0.20

Female aged 14–55 years (1/0)

0.29

0.27

0.31

0.27

Female older than 55 years (1/0)

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.05

Male aged 0–13 years (1/0)

0.19

0.16

0.19

0.21

Male aged 14–55 years (1/0)

0.26

0.31

0.26

0.23

Male older than 55 years (1/0)

0.04

0.05

0.04

0.04

Household size

6.77 (2.75)

6.94 (2.64)

7.28 (3.22)

6.10(2.07)

Self-assessed health measure (EQ5D) increasing in health (−1 to +1)

0.76

0.77

0.79

0.72

No education (1/0)

0.38

0.33

0.35

0.44

Primary education (1/0)

0.26

0.24

0.26

0.28

Secondary education (1/0)

0.28

0.33

0.30

0.23

Higher secondary education (1/0)

0.08

0.10

0.09

0.05

No education (1/0)

0.37

0.31

0.33

0.46

Primary education (1/0)

0.17

0.14

0.19

0.17

Secondary education (1/0)

0.35

0.40

0.37

0.28

Higher secondary education (1/0)

0.11

0.15

0.11

0.09

Annual per capita expenditure (Indian Rupees [INR])

13588 (17329)

15922 (25338)

11368 (10095)

13961 (14688)

Household belongs to a scheduled tribe/caste (1/0)

0.30

0.28

0.33

0.29

Self-employed in agriculture (1/0)

0.11

0.19

0.07

0.07

Self-employed in non-agriculture (1/0)

0.04

0.03

0.05

0.06

Other employment (1/0)

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.02

Casual wage labourer (1/0)

0.09

0.05

0.09

0.11

Not working (1/0)

0.06

0.05

0.07

0.04

Doing housework (1/0)

0.20

0.21

0.20

0.19

Student (1/0)

0.48

0.45

0.48

0.51

Self-employed in agriculture (1/0)

0.34

0.63

0.22

0.21

Self-employed in non-agriculture (1/0)

0.14

0.07

0.17

0.18

Other employment (1/0)

0.07

0.03

0.12

0.05

Casual wage laborer (1/0)

0.26

0.13

0.29

0.35

Not working (1/0)

0.07

0.05

0.11

0.04

Doing housework (1/0)

0.12

0.09

0.09

0.17

Student (1/0)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Household located in Kanpur Dehat (1/0)

0.29

Household located in Pratapgarh (1/0)

0.37

Household located in Vaishali (1/0)

0.34