Table 5 Associations between incremental costs and covariates – DES vs BMSa
Bivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
∆ Costs (2012€) | |||
Covariates | β | N | se |
437 | |||
Population | |||
Age | 190 | ||
Age >75 | 315 | 1 | 901 |
Age 65-75 | −31 | 52 | 695 |
Age < 65 | ref | 137 | |
Complex lesion (yes vs. no) | 172* | 134 | 85 |
Complex vessel (yes vs. no) | −5 | 62 | 116 |
Multi vessel disease (yes vs. no) | 122 | 98 | 200 |
Diabetes (yes vs. no) | −217* | 150 | 78 |
Post MI (yes vs. no) | −88 | 25 | 88 |
Elective (yes vs. no) | 346* | 208 | 109 |
High risk (yes vs. no) | −291 | 127 | 193 |
Intervention | |||
Type DES | 437 | ||
Sirolimus eluting stent | 551 | 100 | 636 |
Paclitaxel eluting stent | 379 | 180 | 636 |
Zotarolimus eluting stent | −324 | 3 | 1321 |
Drug eluting stent in general | ref | 154 | |
Study characteristics | |||
Country | 437 | ||
United Kingdom | 2147* | 211 | 836 |
United States | 4425* | 4 | 1050 |
Canada | 2922* | 79 | 808 |
Sweden | 1745 | 39 | 1016 |
Brazil | 3444* | 5 | 932 |
Austria | 1752 | 6 | 1035 |
Finland | 2051 | 1 | 1174 |
Belgium | 1698 | 82 | 879 |
Italy | ref | 10 | |
Study year | −190 | 437 | 137 |
Horizon >1 year (yes vs. no) | −479 | 437 | 277 |
Horizon (months) b | −32* | 414 | 6 |
Type of study (CUA vs. CEA) | −194* | 507 | 86 |
Model | 437 | ||
Markov model | 613 | 230 | 611 |
Discrete event simulation model | −435 | 6 | 1219 |
Decision tree | ref | 201 | |
Perspective | 437 | ||
Health care provider perspective | 266 | 14 | 363 |
Health care sector perspective | −1332 | 31 | 1151 |
Non-public perspective | −1057 | 2 | 670 |
Health care payer perspective | ref | 390 | |
Funding | 347 | ||
No | 1480* | 31 | 634 |
Yes | 316 | ||
Both Industry and No industry | 1246 | 11 | 1041 |
Industry | −621 | 56 | 663 |
No industry | ref | 249 | |
Discounting (yes vs. no)c | 1071 | 91 | 713 |
Input parameters | |||
Number of stents used during the procedure | 708* | 424 | 83 |
Price difference between stents | 1.264* | 418 | 0.13 |
Price of BMS stent | 0.503* | 320 | 0.354 |
Price of DES stent | 1.001* | 312 | 0.152 |
Costs of BMS procedure (incl. stents) | 0.339* | 278 | 0.092 |
Costs of DES procedure (incl. stents) | 0.412* | 278 | 0.053 |
Difference in procedure costs | 0.799* | 278 | 0.075 |
Probability of restenosis BMS | −3072* | 407 | 322 |
Probability of restenosis DES | −1907* | 323 | 899 |
Relative risk reduction repeat revascularization | −1676* | 341 | 250 |
Disutility of undergoing a CABG | NA | NA | NA |
Disutility of undergoing a PCI | NA | NA | NA |
Disutility of experiencing a MI | NA | NA | NA |
Disutility for a patient with angina symptoms | NA | NA | NA |
Quality of life of a patient with angina symptoms | NA | NA | NA |
Quality of life of a patient after revascularization (recovered) | NA | NA | NA |
Quality of life of a patient suffering from restenosis | NA | NA | NA |
Assumptions | |||
Difference in clopidogrel (medication) usage (yes vs. no) | 181 | 279 | 216 |
Wait time for revascularization included (yes vs. no) | −733 | 347 | 486 |
Repeat revascularization is based on angiographic follow-up data (yes vs. no) | −593 | 372 | 492 |
DES and BMS are not mixed up during a procedure | −542 | 437 | 741 |
Repeat interventions that occur during time horizon are the result of restenosis | 855 | 437 | 841 |
There do not exist differences in mortality, thrombosis or MI between DES and BMS | −980 | 437 | 878 |
The type of repeat revascularization is the same for the DES and BMS treatment groups | 501 | 437 | 1187 |
There does not exist a difference in survival between DES and BMS | −238 | 437 | 426 |
There does not exist a difference in thrombosis between DES and BMS | −589 | 437 | 754 |
There does not exist a difference in MI between DES and BMS | −595 | 437 | 665 |
Quality of studies (Philips et al. 2006) [7] | |||
Structure (%) | 2154 | 437 | 1819 |
Data (%) | 1670 | 437 | 1318 |
Consistency (%) | 718 | 437 | 1463 |
Total (%) | 2761 | 437 | 1804 |