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Table 4 Predictors of completing Advance Directives and Costs (based on binary and linear model regressions of multiply imputed data)

From: Costs and advance directives at the end of life: a case of the ‘Coaching Older Adults and Carers to have their preferences Heard (COACH)’ trial

  

Dependent variables for 2nd step of the regression analyses are different types of costs: figures are coefficient (Std. Err.)

 

Independent variable

Drugs

Hospitalisation

Tests, treatments & Investigations

Consultations

Othera

Total

Total (adjusted for censoring)b

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

Predictors of Costs

        
 

Was an ADc completed? (1 = yes; 0 = No)

0.02 (0.24)

0.93 (0.58)

0.47 (0.32)

0.22 (0.23)

0.96 (0.51)

0.64 (0.42)

0.19 (0.11)

 

Gender(1 = Female, 0 = Male)

0.05 (0.13)

−0.20 (0.33)

−0.22 (0.17)

−0.06 (0.12)

−0.29 (0.29)

−0.17 (0.24)

−0.05 (0.06)

 

Age (in years)

−0.02 (0.01)*

−0.09 (0.03)*

−0.06 (0.01)*

−0.02 (0.01)*

0.10 (0.03)*

−0.06 (0.02)*

−0.01 (0.00)*

 

Baseline EQ-5D 3 L score

−0.15 (0.29)

0.44 (0.68)

0.44 (0.40)

0.00 (0.29)

0.27 (0.55)

0.30 (0.51)

−0.05 (0.13)

 

Baseline Barthel Index

0.00 (0.00)

−0.01 (0.01)

−0.01 (0.01)

0.00 (0.00)

0.01 (0.01)

−0.01 (0.01)

0.00 (0.00)

 

Baseline SMMSEd score

0.02 (0.01)

0.00 (0.03)

0.04 (0.02) *

0.03 (0.01) *

0.03 (0.03)

0.01 (0.02)

0.01 (0.01)

 

Baseline GDS-15e score

0.00 (0.02)

−0.08 (0.06)

0.01 (0.03)

0.01 (0.02)

−0.03 (0.05)

−0.06 (0.04)

−0.01 (0.01)

 

Body mass index

0.04 (0.01)*

−0.06 (0.03)

−0.01 (0.02)

0.01 (0.01)

0.03 (0.03)

−0.03 (0.02)

0.00 (0.01)

 

Did individual have a QoLf gain at 12 months? (1 = ‘Yes’, 0 otherwise)

−0.11 (0.15)

−0.20 (0.37)

0.44 (0.21) *

−0.03 (0.15)

0.48 (0.28)

−0.21 (0.27)

−0.23 (0.17)

 

Dead at 12 months (1 = Yes, 0 = No)

−0.19 (0.16)

0.20 (0.39)

−0.05 (0.22)

−0.16 (0.15)

0.74 (0.32) *

0.09 (0.29)

0.29 (0.08) *

 

Constant

8.98 (1.15)*

20.10 (3.15)*

13.1 (1.48)*

8.78 (1.01)*

−4.99 (2.73)

17.13 (2.04) *

11.89 (0.47)*

 

R-Squared

0.19

0.09

0.18

0.09

0.08

0.10

0.25

  

The dependent variable for each type of cost in the 1st step of the regression analyses is whether or not an individual completed an Advance Directive: figures are coefficient (Std. Err.)

  

Drugs

Hospitalisation

Tests, treatments & Investigations

Consultations

Othera

Total

Total (adjusted for censoring)b

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

n = 228

Predictors of AD completion

        
 

Gender (1 = Female, 0 = Male)

0.12 (0.04)*

0.10 (0.03)*

0.12 (0.04)*

0.17 (0.05)*

0.12 (0.03)*

0.10 (0.03)*

0.12 (0.03)*

 

Age (in years)

0.03 (0.01)*

0.03 (0.01)*

0.03 (0.01)*

0.04 (0.01)*

0.03 (0.01)*

0.03 (0.01)*

0.04 (0.01*)

 

Baseline SMMSEd score

−0.02 (0.02)

−0.03 (0.02)

−0.03 (0.02)

−0.02 (0.02)

−0.02 (0.02)

−0.03 (0.02)

−0.03 (0.02)

 

Baseline GDS-15e score

0.08 (0.03)*

0.09 (0.03)*

0.09 (0.03)*

0.09 (0.03)*

0.12 (0.03)*

0.09 (0.03)*

0.09 (0.03)*

 

constant

−2.92 (1.14)

−2.88 (1.16)

−2.66 (1.18)

−3.02 (1.19)

−2.94 (1.23)

−2.97 (1.15)

−2.98 (1.15)

 

Likelihood-ratio test of independent equations

χ2 = 18.60

χ2 = 34.24

χ2 = 46.01

χ2 = 26.12

χ2 = 9.93

χ2 = 37.21

χ2 = 38.60

(p < 0.01)

(p < 0.01)

(p < 0.01)

(p < 0.01)

(p < 0.01)

(p < 0.01)

(p < 0.01)

  1. aOther = primary care and general practice; bTotal costs calculated after adjusting for censoring using Lin’s method [64]; cAD = Advance directive; dSMMSE = Standardised Mini Mental State Examination; eGDS-15 = Geriatric Depression Scale; fQoL = Quality of life; *Statistically significant at 0.05 level