First author | Year | Location/Plan type | Data type/Source | Data start -Data end | Eligibility | Indication/Duration | # ICD-9 codes | Inclusion | Exclusion | # Insured/# Eligible/# Included |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allen [33] | 2014 | National/Self-insured employer | Claims/Navistar integrated databasee | 1/1/2001 - 12/31/2009 | Back pain diagnosis | Low back pain/Any | 77 | 1. Back pain episodes identified by one or more of 77 ICD-9 codes 2. 6 months of recorded continuous coverage | Cancer diagnosis, retired, died during study period | NR/21,080/14,787d |
Grieves [29] | 2009 | Wisconsin/HMO | Claims/Arise Health Plan | 1/1/2004 - 12/31/2005 | 1. Continuously enrolled, and 2. Claim for visit to MD or DC for 12 ICD-9 codes | Low back pain/Any | 12 | 1. Continuously enrolled; 2. Any claim for visit to MD or DC | Saw both MD and DC | 30,000/NR/897 |
Liliedahl [32] | 2010 | Tennessee/NR | Claims/BlueCross BlueShield | 10/1/2004 - 9/30/2006 | 1. Claim for 82 ICD-9 codes related to spine pain, and 2. CPT code for visit to MD, DO, ED, or DC | Spine pain/Any | 82 | CPT code for visit to MD, DO, ED, or DC | Episodes not related to MD, DO, ED, or DC, or with incomplete claims records | 669,320/85,402/102,438d |
Mosley [30] | 1996 | Louisiana/HMO | Claims/Community Health Network of Louisiana | 10/1/1994 - 10/1/1995 | Claim for ICD-9 codes 720.0 to 724.9 (potentially 68 different ICD-9 codes) related to back or neck pain | Back or neck pain/Any | 68 | Claims related to ICD-9 codes | NR | NR/1,959/1,959 |
Shekelle [31] | 1995 | National/Fee for service | Claims/RAND Health Insurance Experiment | NR (mean 3.6 months)b | Claim related to pain, swelling, or injury of back region | Pain, swelling, or injury of back/Any | NA | Any back-related claim as 1/2/3 symptom | 1.Elderly; 2.Care paid by workers’ compensation | 7,706/686/1,020d |
Smith [27] | 1997 | National/Fee for service | Claims/MEDSTAT | 7/1/1988 - 6/30/1990 | 10 % sample of claims for 493 ICD-9 codes related to MSK conditions or claims for chiropractic care | Low back conditions/Any | 9 | 10 % sample with claim related to ICD-9 codes | Unknown first-contact provider type | 2,000,000a/434,763/890 |
Stano [28] | 1996 | National/Fee for service | Claims/MEDSTAT | 7/1/1988 - 6/30/1990 | 10 % sample of claims for 493 ICD-9 codes related to MSK conditions or claims for chiropractic care | Low back conditions/Any | 9 | 10 % sample with claim related to ICD-9 codes | 1. Unknown first-contact provider type; 2. Negative value claims | 2,000,000a/434,763/6,183 |
Stano [23] | 1995 | National/Fee for service | Claims/MEDSTAT | 7/1/1988 - 6/30/1990 | 10 % sample of claims for 493 ICD-9 codes related to MSK conditions | Low back conditions/Any | 9 | 10 % sample with claim related to ICD-9 codes | Negativepayments | NR/434,763/6,799 |
Stano [24] | 1994 | National/Fee for service | Claims/MEDSTAT | 7/1/1988 - 6/30/1990 | Claim for 493 ICD-9 codes related to MSK conditions | Low back conditions/Any | 15 | Claim related to ICD-9 codes | 1. Coinsurance >15 %; 2. Deductibles > $200; 3. No restrictions on chiropractic or medical care | NR/395,641/42,331 |
Stano [22] | 1993 | National/Fee for service | Claims/MEDSTAT | 7/1/1988 - 6/30/1990 | Claim for 493 ICD-9 codes related to MSK conditions | Low back conditions/Any | 15 | Claim related to ICD-9 codes | 1. Did not meet deductibles; 2. Did not file claims; 3. Out-of-plan use; 4. Age >65 | 2,000,000a/395,641/99,675 |
Stano [25] | 1993 | National/Fee for service | Claims/MEDSTAT | 7/1/1988 - 6/30/1990 | Claim for 493 ICD-9 codes related to MSK conditions | Low back conditions/Any | 9 | 10 % sample with claim related to ICD-9 codes | NR | 2,000,000a/396,000a/7,880 |
Stano [26] | 1993 | National/Fee for service | Claims/MEDSTAT | 7/1/1988 - 6/30/1990 | 1. Claim for 493 ICD-9 codes related to MSK conditions, or 2. Claim for chiropractic care | Low back conditions/Any | 4 | Claim related to ICD-9 codes | 1. Did not meet deductibles; 2. Did not file claims; 3. Out-of-plan use; 4. Elderly | 2,000,000a/396,000a/10,945 |