Table 2 Odds ratios of enrolment, by firm characteristic
From: Evasion of “mandatory” social health insurance for the formal sector: evidence from Lao PDR
Odds ratio | St. error | z-statistic | p > |z| | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry type (Reference group: services) | ||||
Manufacturing | 1.149 | 0.769 | 0.21 | 0.836 |
Construction | 0.256 | 0.275 | −1.27 | 0.205 |
Trade | 4.469 | 3.371 | 1.99 | 0.047** |
Ownership 1: State-owned or partially state-owned (ref: 100 % private) | 16.891 | 19.578 | 2.44 | 0.015** |
Ownership 2: (Reference group: 100 % domestic) | ||||
100 % foreign (vs. domestic) | 6.782 | 10.141 | 1.28 | 0.201 |
mixed (vs. domestic) | 24.020 | 23.557 | 3.24 | 0.001*** |
Size of permanent workforce =20-59 employees (ref: 0–19 emp) | 1.492 | 0.960 | 0.62 | 0.535 |
Size of permanent workforce = 60+ employees (ref: 0–19 emp) | 3.296 | 2.308 | 1.7 | 0.088* |
Revenues (Reference group: <1 billion kip) | ||||
1-10 billion Kip | 1.437 | 0.788 | 0.66 | 0.508 |
> 10 billion Kip | 1.210 | 0.913 | 0.25 | 0.800 |
Firm has higher than avg perceived risk (3+ on a scale of 1–5) | 0.621 | 0.635 | −0.47 | 0.641 |
More than one service outlet/branch/factor/store | 1.357 | 0.856 | 0.48 | 0.629 |
Member of business organization (ref: no membership) | 1.945 | 1.048 | 1.23 | 0.217 |
Employs any temporary workers | 1.195 | 0.653 | 0.33 | 0.744 |
At least 10 % employee turnover (annually) | 0.476 | 0.280 | −1.26 | 0.207 |
Taxes paid at central level (ref: taxes paid at lower levels) | 0.743 | 0.522 | −0.42 | 0.672 |
Head of company is Laotian (vs. foreign) | 2.178 | 2.590 | 0.65 | 0.513 |
Head of company has a university education or higher | 3.426 | 1.821 | 2.32 | 0.021** |
Head of company is male | 0.626 | 0.404 | −0.73 | 0.468 |