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Table 2 Results of multilevel analyses to determine which factors are associated with propensity to seek care

From: Propensity to seek healthcare in different healthcare systems: analysis of patient data in 34 countries

Final models

Mean (SD) or %

‘Severe’ complaints

‘Minor’ complaints

(scale 0–10)

(scale 0–10)

B

LB

UB

B

LB

UB

Intercept

 

7.69**

7.35

8.03

8.33**

7.66

9.00

Need factor

       

General health

       

-very good (ref)

14.3 %

      

-good

46.2 %

0.01

−0.01

0.04

0.10**

0.05

0.15

-fair

30.7 %

0.03

−0.001

0.06

0.15**

0.10

0.21

-poor

8.8 %

0.10**

0.06

0.14

0.19**

0.11

0.26

Predisposing factors

       

Age/10a

51 (17.4)

0.06**

0.05

0.07

0.01

−0.004

0.02

Sex

       

- female

61.1 %

0.05**

0.03

0.06

0.14**

0.11

0.17

Ethnicity

       

- native (ref)

87.6 %

      

-second generation

4.3 %

0.004

−0.04

0.05

−0.06

−0.14

0.02

-first generation

8.1 %

0.07**

0.03

0.10

0.04

−0.02

0.10

Educational attainment

       

-low (ref)

28.0 %

      

-middle

38.4 %

0.01

−0.02

0.03

−0.02

−0.07

0.02

-high

33.6 %

−0.03

−0.05

0.001

−0.09**

−0.14

0.04

Enabling factors

       

Household income

       

Below average (ref)

30.7 %

      

Around average

57.0 %

0.02

−0.003

0.04

0.04

−0.002

0.07

Above average

12.3 %

0.03

−0.002

0.06

−0.06*

−0.12

0.001

Urbanization

       

Big city (ref)

32,0 %

      

Suburbs, Town

34.6 %

−0.005

−0.04

0.03

−0.01

−0.08

0.05

Urban–rural, Rural

33.4 %

−0.02

−0.05

0.02

0.03

−0.04

0.10

Access-scale (0–10)a

8.60 (0.28)

0.14**

0.11

0.17

0.35**

0.30

0.41

Communication-scale (0–10)a

9.52 (0.16)

0.11**

0.06

0.16

0.45**

0.35

0.55

Continuity-scale (0–10)a

9.33 (0.19)

0.37**

0.32

0.41

0.65**

0.56

0.73

Health system

       

GDP (ppp) per capita/1000a

$33206,35 (12482,87)

−0.02**

−0.03

−0.01

−0.02

−0.05

0.003

Healthcare system

       

SHI (ref)

23.5 %

      

NHS

44.1 %

−0.03

−0.40

0.35

−0.47

−1.20

0.27

Transitional

32.4 %

−0.50*

−0.98

−0.01

−0.24

−1.19

0.71

Variance Country (SE)

 

0.161

(0.040)

 

0.617

(0.152)

 

Variance Practice (SE)

 

0.221

(0.006)

 

0.822

(0.021)

 

Variance Patient (SE)

 

0.956

(0.006)

 

3.199

(0.021)

 

Variance country (ICC)

  

0.12

  

0.13

 

Variance practice (ICC)

  

0.17

  

0.18

 

N (country)

  

34

  

34

 

N ( practice)

  

6784

  

6785

 

N (patient)

  

55937

  

55417

 
  1. B = beta coefficient, LB = lower limit, UB = upper limit, ICC = intraclass correlation, ref = reference category
  2. aVariables are centered around grand mean, *P <0.05 **p <0.001