Assessing the relationship between neighborhood factors and diabetes related health outcomes and self-care behaviors

Smalls, Brittany L.; Gregory, Chris M.; Zoller, James S.; Egede, Leonard E.

doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1086-7

Table 3 Final models of relationship between neighborhood factors on knowledge and self care behaviors

From: Assessing the relationship between neighborhood factors and diabetes related health outcomes and self-care behaviors

	Diabetes knowledge	Medication adherence	General diet	Exercise	Blood sugar testing	Foot care
Neighborhood problems
Safety	−0.016	0.019	0.0002	−0.097	0.002	0.007
Violence	0.001	−0.089	−0.036	0.007	−0.092	0.015
Crime	−0.341	0.220	0.119	0.114	0.209	0.156
Problems	−0.017	−0.012	0.004	−0.026	−0.001	0.074
Neighborhood characteristics
Aesthetics	0.141*	0.042	−0.093*	−0.005	−0.053	−0.084
Walking environments	0.010	−0.019	0.014	−0.040*	0.034	0.036
Recreational facilities	0.061	0.040	0.025	−0.054	−0.001	−0.020
Neighborhood activities	0.007	−0.018	−0.072*	−0.104*	−0.057	−0.114*
Neighborhood rating	−0.137	0.017	−0.052	0.058	−0.107	0.064
Neighborhood comparison	0.452*	−0.224	−0.082	−0.153	−0.086	0.024
Access to healthy food
Food insecurity	−0.108	−0.147*	−0.125*	−0.106	−0.172*	−0.046
Access to healthy food	−0.036	−0.025	−0.019	0.018	−0.007	−0.016
Social support
Social cohesion	0.090	0.046*	0.028	0.026	−0.019	0.070
Social support	0.001	0.009*	0.016**	0.006	0.009	0.010*
Comorbidities	0.040	−0.132*	0.048	−0.064	0.191**	0.173**
Health literacy
Low (ref)
Marginal	0.025	0.714	0.539	0.338	0.158	0.524
Adequate	2.12**	0.494	0.412	0.258	0.350	0.475
Age
18–34 years	−0.384	−0.801	−0.987	−0.501	−0.191	1.58
35–44 years	−0.187	−0.230	0.120	0.281	0.287	−0.437
45–64 (ref)
65+ years	−0.614	0.507*	0.529*	0.182	0.156	0.215
Gender
Male (ref)
Female	0.277	0.103	−0.216	−0.265	−0.269	0.015
Marital status
Never married (ref)
Married	0.312	0.514	−0.156	−0.356	−0.328	0.463
Separated/divorced	−0.195	0.419	0.218	−0.174	−0.576	0.221
Widowed	−0.152	0.208	−0.055	−0.546	−0.526	0.816
Race
Non-Hispanic White (ref)
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.509	−0.335	0.065	−0.087	0.223	0.516*
Hispanic/other	0.598	−2.16*	−1.50	−0.812	−0.593	−1.28
Education
<High school	−1.76*	0.017	0.128	−0.431	−0.707	0.054
High school	−0.782*	0.009	−0.199	−0.055	−0.277	−0.031
College (ref)				0.544
Graduate school	0.650	−0.17	0.028		−0.561	0.193
Employment
Unemployment (ref)
Employed	−0.600	−0.447*	−0.052	0.320	−0.138	0.053
Income
<$19,999 (ref)
$20,000–49,999	0.482	−0.079	0.029	−0.779*	−0.453	−0.164
$50,000–74,000	1.15	−0.506	−0.304	−0.712	−1.02	0.584
≥$75,000	0.802	−0.206	−0.137	−0.565	−0.771	−0.848
Health insurance
Uninsured (ref)
Private	0.361	0.401	−0.178	−0.723	0.533	−0.398
Medicare	−0.159	0.138	−0.657	−0.702	0.225	−0.498
Medicaid	-.0737	0.999*	−0.261	−0.126	1.35*	0.873
Military	−0.082	−0.026	−0.820*	−0.121	0.235	0.139
Other insurance	−0.643	0.590	0.043	−0.617	0.576	0.358
R²	0.208	0.155	0.096	0.101	0.043	0.082

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ref = reference group
Final model for each outcome after hierarchical models run entering variables in blocks based on theoretical relationships – first model included variables characterized as neighborhood problems, second block added variables characterized as neighborhood characteristics, third block added variables, characterized as access to healthy foods, fourth block added variables characterized as social support, and fifth block added sociodemographic variables

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ISSN: 1472-6963

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