Table 2 Hospital-level means by payer^a

No. Obs.

1,110

1,061

1,105

899

868

Price-to-Charge Ratio

 Mean (SD)

.320 (.197)

.367 (.205)

.487 (.211)

.456 (.405)

.611 (.265)

 Range

.098–.903

.176–.879

.197–.992

.193–.859

.268–.986

Average patient characteristics

Gender (%)

 Female

.566 (.055)

.640 (.082)

.585 (.071)

.466 (.085)

.423 (.126)

Age group, years (%)

 0–17

.005 (.051)

.293 (.176)

.191 (.141)

.134 (.146)

.113 (.151)

 18–35

.018 (.043)

.305 (.100)

.211 (.075)

.311 (.080)

.221 (.096)

 36–45

.030 (.027)

.121 (.063)

.145 (.041)

.200 (.060)

.173 (.073)

 46–55

.053 (.034)

.130 (.085)

.180 (.064)

.197 (.066)

.212 (.082)

 56+

.894 (.106)

.151 (.129)

.272 (.134)

.159 (.084)

.281 (.157)

Race/ethnicity (%)

 Black

.087 (.134)

.156 (.177)

.086 (.131)

.119 (.145)

.109 (.125)

 Hispanic

.079 (.146)

.219 (.236)

.107 (.163)

.186 (.198)

.136 (.166)

 White

.709 (.301)

.471 (.296)

.655 (.295)

.552 (.278)

.615 (.276)

 Other/missing race

.125 (.259)

.154 (.244)

.152 (.251)

.142 (.221)

.141 (.243)

Inpatient stay (%)

 Died

.042 (.040)

.013 (.037)

.014 (.041)

.015 (.034)

.023 (.053)

 APR-DRG = 0

.000 (.001)

.000 (.003)

.000 (.002)

.001 (.003)

.000 (.003)

 APR-DRG = 1

.195 (.075)

.505 (.154)

.539 (.120)

.507 (.108)

.485 (.136)

 APR-DRG = 2

.453 (.065)

.340 (.089)

.334 (.071)

.361 (.071)

.357 (.079)

 APR-DRG = 3

.282 (.071)

.124 (.073)

.100 (.055)

.104 (.051)

.125 (.070)

 APR-DRG = 4

.070 (.052)

.031 (.030)

.026 (.048)

.027 (.020)

.033 (.029)

Hospital and market

 Critical access hospital (%)

.095 (.294)

.080 (.272)

.093 (.291)

.055 (.227)

.030 (.171)

 Rural referral center (%)

.033 (.180)

.035 (.184)

.033 (.180)

.037 (.188)

.043 (.202)

 Sole community provider (%)

.086 (.281)

.086 (.280)

.087 (.282)

.083 (.277)

.076 (.265)

 Teaching hospital (%)

.294 (.456)

.311 (.463)

.300 (.459)

.320 (.467)

.324 (.468)

 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) *10

3.80 (3.23)

3.66 (3.14)

3.77 (3.21)

3.54 (3.08)

3.45 (2.99)

 (HHI *10) squared

24.9 (34.9)

23.2 (33.6)

24.5 (34.6)

22.0 (32.8)

20.8 (31.4)

 Average DRG weight

1.32 (.278)

.878 (.280)

1.03 (.310)

.975 (.234)

1.22 (.355)

 Medicare disch./10,000

.419 (.408)

—

—

—

—

 (Medicare disch./10,000)^2

.342 (.861)

—

—

—

—

 Medicare ALOS

.640 (.467)

—

—

—

—

 (Medicare ALOS/10)^2

.627 (2.17)

—

—

—

—

 Medicaid disch/10,000

—

.205 (.269)

—

—

—

 (Medicaid disch/10,000)^2

—

.114 (.450)

—

—

—

 Medicaid ALOS/10

—

.601 (.946)

—

—

—

 (Medicaid ALOS/10)^2

—

1.25 (17.2)

—

—

—

 Wage index

1.07 (.178)

1.08 (.179)

1.08 (.180)

1.09 (.176)

1.08 (.492)

State

 2005 deficit ($1,000 s)

5,423 (6,211)

5,520 (6,193)

5,421 (6,184)

5,778 (6,251)

5,588 (6,290)

 2006 per capita income ($1,000s)

41.07 (4.75)

41.3 (4.70)

41.1 (4.73)

41.6 (4.56)

41.3 (4.61)

 Elderly under FPL (100,000s)

13.2 (11.1)

13.3 (11.1)

13.1 (11.1)

13.6 (11.2)

13.7 (11.1)

 Medicaid eligibility threshold for children (% of FPL/100)

1.03 (.134)

1.03 (.139)

1.03 (.136)

1.04 (.150)

1.03 (.147)

 Medicaid eligibility threshold for adults (% of FPL/100)

1.11 (1.34)

1.12 (.503)

1.13 (.508)

1.14 (.489)

1.08 (.492)

 Medicaid per capita spending

1,137 (566)

1,153 (573)

1,149 (574)

1,162 (572)

1,119 (556)

 CHIP enrollment rate

.851 (.061)

.853 (.059)

.852 (.061)

.853 (.059)

.848 (.062)

 Number of FQHCs per 1,000 nonelderly uninsured

6.82 (3.20)

6.75 (3.10)

6.78 (3.16)

6.74 (3.07)

6.94 (3.21)