Table 5 Logistic regression estimates of the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE ≥ 40% of non-food expenditure)

Personal characteristic

No. of under 5 years in household

1.49**

1.07

2.08

1.20

0.80

1.82

No. of ≥70 years in household

1.16

0.62

2.16

1.33

0.63

2.81

Household size (# of persons)

0.90*

0.79

1.02

0.91

0.78

1.07

Health status

Illness per capita (last 4 weeks)

1.24*

0.96

1.60

1.23

0.90

1.69

Having a member with chronic illness (None = 0)

1.94*

0.93

4.03

1.77

0.75

4.20

A member sought heath care from a formal health facility-last 4 weeks

8.49***

4.70

15.32

A member hospitalised-last 4 weeks

7.08***

3.63

13.83

7.41***

3.62

15.17

Health insurance status (Uninsured =0)

Partially insured household

0.35***

0.18

0.65

0.36***

0.17

0.73

Fully insured household

0.24***

0.12

0.49

0.18***

0.08

0.42

Household/Head characteristics

Residence: Urban (Rural = 0)

0.89

0.46

1.73

0.76

0.34

1.72

Female-headed (male = 0)

1.82*

0.96

3.45

2.25**

1.04

4.87

Marital status of head (never married = 0)

Married/in-union

2.10

0.46

9.65

0.83

0.15

4.47

Divorced/widowed

1.27

0.25

6.42

0.27

0.04

1.76

Education of head (No formal educ = 0)

Primary

0.26**

0.10

0.68

0.40*

0.14

1.15

Junior secondary/middle school

0.51**

0.27

0.96

0.44**

0.20

0.98

Senior secondary or higher

0.77

0.28

2.16

0.47

0.12

1.81

Sector of employment of head (Unemployed = 0)

Formal

1.39

0.36

5.34

1.78

0.32

9.85

Informal

1.35

0.52

3.52

2.01

0.59

6.84

Wealth quintile (First = 0)

Second

0.62

0.32

1.20

0.60

0.26

1.39

Third

0.68

0.33

1.41

0.84

0.35

2.06

Fourth

0.53

0.23

1.22

0.51

0.18

1.48

Fifth

0.45*

0.17

1.15

0.71

0.23

2.19

Health system/community factors

Distance to nearest health facility (Ref = <2km)

Between 2-5 km

1.29

0.63

2.61

1.43

0.61

3.32

More than 5 km

1.99*

0.88

4.50

2.06

0.73

5.81

District (Savelugu-Nanton = 0)

Asutifi

1.64

0.78

3.46

1.03

0.41

2.56

Kwaebibirem

1.92

0.88

4.22

1.04

0.39

2.77

No. of observations

2,418

584

Pseudo R²

0.2661

0.2004

LR test \( \boldsymbol{\upchi} \)² (df), p-value

201.13 (26)

<0.001

81.75 (25)

<0.001

H-L goodness-of-fit test (8) \( \boldsymbol{\upchi} \)²; p-value

11.15

0.1936

7.62

0.4711