From: Who pays for home care? A study of nationally representative data on disabled older Americans
Public program only | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medicare only [A] | Medicaid [B] | Personal only [C] | Public & Personal [D] | |||||
Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | |
Need for caregiving | ||||||||
No. of ADL's | ||||||||
1-2 | 2.53** | (1.49–4.32) | 1.42 | (0.88–2.27) | 0.96 | (0.82–1.13) | 1.55 | (0.95–2.52) |
3-4 | 4.79** | (2.81–8.16) | 2.74** | (1.72–4.38) | 1.34** | (1.12–1.62) | 2.78** | (1.65–4.71) |
5-6 | 6.10** | (3.45–10.78) | 3.37** | (1.98–5.72) | 2.00** | (1.59–2.51) | 6.54** | (3.77–11.33) |
No. of IADL's | ||||||||
2-3 | 2.47** | (1.41–4.34) | 2.32** | (1.26–4.28) | 2.28** | (1.91–2.72) | 2.19** | (1.24–3.85) |
4-5 | 4.68** | (2.66–8.22) | 5.71** | (3.12–10.46) | 3.55** | (2.89–4.35) | 3.39** | (1.83–6.28) |
6-8 | 6.17** | (3.44–11.06) | 9.66** | (5.20–17.97) | 4.27** | (3.40–5.36) | 4.38** | (2.33–8.24) |
Age | 0.99 | (0.98–1.01) | 0.98* | (0.96–1.00) | 1.03** | (1.02–1.04) | 1.02 | (1.00–1.03) |
Demographics | ||||||||
Female | 0.88 | (0.68–1.14) | 0.91 | (0.68–1.22) | 0.92 | (0.80–1.05) | 1.22 | (0.94–1.58) |
Race | ||||||||
African American | 1.02 | (0.70–1.49) | 1.56* | (1.10–2.22) | 0.44** | (0.33–0.58) | 0.72 | (0.50–1.06) |
Other | 1.05 | (0.38–2.91) | 0.80 | (0.30–2.14) | 0.96 | (0.49–1.88) | 0.27 | (0.03–2.20) |
Hispanic | 0.67 | (0.37–1.21) | 1.23 | (0.75–2.03) | 1.02 | (0.74–1.41) | 0.75 | (0.42–1.36) |
Economic resources | ||||||||
Education | ||||||||
High school grad | 1.01 | (0.77–1.33) | 0.56** | (0.41–0.78) | 1.79** | (1.56–2.06) | 1.10 | (0.84–1.44) |
College degree | 0.96 | (0.59–1.57) | 0.12** | (0.04–0.39) | 2.90** | (2.37–3.56) | 1.89** | (1.25–2.86) |
Family income | ||||||||
15,000-29,999 | 0.67* | (0.49–0.92) | 0.28** | (0.18–0.44) | 1.72** | (1.46–2.04) | 0.63** | (0.46–0.87) |
30,000-49,999a | 0.40** | (0.21–0.77) | 0.22** | (0.09–0.57) | 1.79** | (1.39–2.31) | 0.48* | (0.26–0.89) |
50,000-74,999 | 0.48 | (0.22–1.05) | (variable omitted)a | 2.13** | (1.56–2.91) | 0.45* | (0.20–0.99) | |
75,000+ | 0.37 | (0.09–1.57) | (variable omitted)a | 3.72** | (2.50–5.53) | 0.12* | (0.02–0.92) | |
Missing | 0.52** | (0.38–0.72) | (0.26–0.54) | 1.41** | (1.20–1.65) | 0.82 | (0.61–1.10) | |
Economic resources | ||||||||
Home assets | ||||||||
Yes, but missing | 0.87 | (0.64–1.17) | 0.52** | (0.37–0.73) | 0.74** | (0.63–0.87) | 0.68* | (0.50–0.93) |
< 150,000 | 0.95 | (0.70–1.31) | 0.43** | (0.31–0.61) | 0.72** | (0.62–0.85) | 0.52** | (0.39–0.70) |
≥ 150,000 | 0.70 | (0.41–1.20) | 0.14** | (0.05–0.40) | 0.86 | (0.70–1.07) | 0.60* | (0.39–0.93) |
Year | ||||||||
1994 | 3.48** | (2.47–4.89) | 1.06 | (0.74–1.53) | 1.12 | (0.96–1.31) | 0.32** | (0.24–0.45) |
1999 | 1.99** | (1.33–2.97) | 1.14 | (0.78–1.67) | 0.49** | (0.41–0.59) | 0.39** | (0.28–0.55) |
2004 | 0.89 | (0.57–1.40) | 1.09 | (0.75–1.58) | 0.34** | (0.28–0.40) | 0.15** | (0.10–0.23) |
Informal resources | ||||||||
Informal care hours | ||||||||
0 | 1.28 | (0.92–1.79) | 3.84** | (2.56–5.74) | 5.17** | (4.18–6.39) | 1.20 | (0.85–1.71) |
1-8 | 1.18 | (0.83–1.67) | 2.31** | (1.51–3.52) | 2.98** | (2.40–3.70) | 1.42* | (1.01–2.00) |
9-24 | 1.00 | (0.70–1.42) | 1.20 | (0.75–1.93) | 1.63** | (1.29–2.06) | 1.00 | (0.70–1.43) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 0.55 | (0.29–1.05) | 1.09 | (0.56–2.13) | 1.34 | (0.97–1.85) | 0.89 | (0.49–1.61) |
Widowed | 0.91 | (0.67–1.22) | 1.27 | (0.86–1.89) | 1.65** | (1.41–1.93) | 1.03 | (0.76–1.39) |
Divorced | 1.13 | (0.71–1.78) | 1.83* | (1.14–2.94) | 1.49** | (1.16–1.92) | 0.82 | (0.46–1.46) |
Number of children | ||||||||
1 | 0.51** | (0.34–0.76) | 0.59* | (0.38–0.94) | 0.81* | (0.67–0.99) | 0.88 | (0.60–1.30) |
2 | 0.52** | (0.36–0.76) | 0.54** | (0.35–0.84) | 0.86 | (0.71–1.04) | 0.57** | (0.38–0.84) |
3 | 0.52** | (0.35–0.79) | 0.73 | (0.45–1.19) | 0.70** | (0.57–0.86) | 0.73 | (0.49–1.11) |
4+ | 0.57** | (0.40–0.81) | 0.95 | (0.64–1.42) | 0.61** | (0.49–0.75) | 0.70 | (0.48–1.03) |