Paper ID | Condition | Number of Admissions | Geographical Units (N)a | Mean Age (SD)b | Covariate Adjustmentc | Statistical Methods | Tested Cause | Untested Cause |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Claeys 2013 [55] | MI | 2,079 | Hospital (33) | 62 (13) | None | Raw Data | Case Mix | Discharge Planning |
Graphs | ||||||||
Canada | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Feagan 2000 [71] | Pneumonia | 858 | Hospital (20) | 69.4 (17.7) | A,S,C,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | Clinical Guidelines |
Tables | Hospital Type | PC Access | ||||||
% Variation Explained | Procedure/Drug Availability | |||||||
Denmark | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Klausen 2012 [21] | Pneumonia | 12,753 | Hospital (22) | 65-74 (32.5 %) | A,S,C | Raw Data | Case Mix | Clinical Guidelines |
75-84 (40.6Â %) | Graphs | Hospital Size | PC Quality | |||||
>85 (26.9Â %) | P-Values (Cox Regression) | Condition Volume | ||||||
Spain | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cabre 2004 [72] | Pneumonia | 1,769 | Hospital (27) | 66.4 (18.1) | A,S,C | Hierarchical Model Variance Estimates | Case Mix | SC Access |
SC Quality | ||||||||
Clinical Guidelines | ||||||||
PC Quality | ||||||||
Garau 2008 [73] | Pneumonia | 3,233 | Hospital (10) | 66 (18.5) | A,SC,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | None |
Tables | ||||||||
P-Values (Cox Regression) | ||||||||
 Pozo-Rodriguez 2012 [74] | COPD | 5,178 | Hospital (129) | 75 (IQR: 68–80) | None | IQR | None | None |
UK | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hosker 2007 [75] | COPD | 8,013 | Hospital (233) | 71 (IQR: 71–74) | None | IQR | None | None |
 Price 2006 [27] | COPD | 910 | Hospital (234) | N/A | A,S,C | IQR | SC Quality | None |
ICC | Clinical Guidelines | |||||||
Hospital Size | ||||||||
 Roberts 2002 [76] | COPD | 1,400 | Hospital (38) | 72 | None | Range | Case Mix | SC Quality |
IQR | ||||||||
 Rudd 2001 [77] | Stroke | 6,894 | Health Region (10) | 75 (12) | A,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | None |
Tables | SC Quality | |||||||
P-Values (Kruskal-Wallis) | ||||||||
US | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Brogan 2012 [78] | Pneumonia | 43,819 | Hospital (29) | 3 (IQR: 1–6) | None | Raw Data | Procedure/Drug Availability | None |
Graphs | ||||||||
Range | ||||||||
 Conway 2009 [28] | UTI | 20,892 | Hospital (25) | 1-2 mo (16.7 %) | None | Raw Data | Case Mix | Coding Quality |
2-6 mo (29.9Â %) | Graphs | Clinical Guidelines | ||||||
6-24 mo | Condition Volume | |||||||
(19.1Â %) | ||||||||
2-12 y (34.3Â %) | ||||||||
 Drye 2012 [79] | Heart Failure | 718,508 | Hospital (3,135) | >65 (100 %) | None | Raw Data | None | None |
Graphs | ||||||||
MI | ||||||||
Range | ||||||||
Pneumonia | ||||||||
 Krumholz 1999 [80] | Heart Failure | 905 | Hospital (49) | <65 (42 %) | A,S,C,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | SC Quality |
>65 (58Â %) | Graphs | |||||||
 | % Variation Explained |