Table 4 Mean scores (± standard deviation) of safety factors on Likert-scale and 100-point scale of the study population and of different groups’ characteristics (hospitals, working positions and working departments) (Perc of Hosp man.: Perception of hospital management; Perc. of Unit man.: Perception of unit management)

Mean Likert ± SD

3.7 ± 0.6

3.6 ± 0.6

3.8 ± 0.9

4.0 ± 0.9

3.0 ± 1.0

3.1 ± 1.0

3.1 ± 0.9

Mean (100 scale) ± SD

66.4 ± 16.3

65.1 ± 14.9

70.6 ± 22.1

75.8 ± 22.7

49.4 ± 24.0

53.4 ± 24.5

51.6 ± 23.7

Hospitals

 G. Fracastoro

63.7 ± 15.0

64.3 ± 15.8

69.7 ± 23.7

76.1 ± 23.4

45.9 ± 24.9

52.8 ± 26.4

50.6 ± 23.8

 Teaching hospitals

65.9 ± 11.8

66.4 ± 13.0

72.4 ± 18.8

75.0 ± 21.6

50.0 ± 22.5

60.9 ± 24.8

53.2 ± 23.4

  p-value

0.24

0.27

0.34

0.70

0.20

0.018

0.39

Position

 Physician

74.4 ± 11.0

73.4 ± 12.9

77.9 ± 20.4

70.1 ± 27.3

54.0 ± 28.0

70.8 ± 27.0

63.6 ± 26.0

 Nurse

60.1 ± 13.0

61.0 ± 15.4

66.8 ± 22.6

76.9 ± 21.9

42.9 ± 22.4

49.3 ± 25.0

44.6 ± 20.4

 Chief nurse

67.5 ± 13.5

67.5 ± 11.0

75.3 ± 21.0

76.7 ± 17.5

50.0 ± 22.6

54.0 ± 23.0

57.7 ± 24.3

 Clinical support

62.1 ± 14.3

63.2 ± 12.3

67.8 ± 20.9

77.4 ± 21.6

48.6 ± 20.5

53.3 ± 20.9

52.6 ± 23.0

 Others

67.5 ± 13.5

67.5 ± 11.0

75.3 ± 21.2

76.7 ± 17.5

49.9 ± 22.6

54.0 ± 23.0

57.8 ± 24.3

  p-value

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.004

0.22

0.009

<0.0001

<0.0001

Department

 Geriatrics

61.2 ± 14.4

65.6 ± 15.4

66.7 ± 20.2

76.4 ± 22.0

46.0 ± 21.7

51.8 ± 25.1

47.9 ± 21.8

 Obstetrics

69.1 ± 13.6

67.7 ± 14.0

73.7 ± 21.3

82.2 ± 19.3

45.0 ± 24.9

54.5 ± 25.9

52.1 ± 20.3

 Internal medicine

63.4 ± 12.4

61.8 ± 14.2

68.7 ± 23.1

78.7 ± 21.6

43.9 ± 22.9

54.1 ± 23.2

44.8 ± 23.1

 Surgery

65.5 ± 14.2

65.4 ± 15.3

73.3 ± 23.0

69.6 ± 24.6

52.1 ± 25.8

60.8 ± 28.4

58.6 ± 25.6

  p-value

0.022

0.24

0.19

0.096

0.17

0.19

0.003