Qualitative study
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*GDs: 14 (One group from each hospital)
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GD guideline: semi-structured open-ended questions with probes
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From district hospitals: civil surgeon, obstetrics and pediatrics consultants, anesthesiologist, nursing superintendent, and two senior staff nurses
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From MCWCs: deputy director of family planning, anesthesiologist, medical officer, one nurse, and one family welfare visitor
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From UHCs: upazila health and family planning officer, obstetrics and gynecology specialists, pediatrician, anesthesiologist, resident medical officer, and one nurse
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**IDIs:56 (four interviews from each hospital)
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IDI guideline: semi-structured open-ended questions with probes
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From district hospitals, MCWCs, and UHCs: One laboratory technician/pharmacist, one ward master/nursing supervisor, one ancillary staff from the maternal or neonatal wards, and one cleaner
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Quantitative study
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Exit interviews: 112 (eight exit interviews from each hospital)
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Structured questionnaire
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Patients or their attendants from maternal, labor, and neonatal wards at district hospitals, MCWCs, and UHCs
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