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Table 1 Healthcare costs for ICU patients with S. aureus or P. aeruginosa pneumonia versus controls

From: Healthcare utilization and costs associated with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a retrospective observational cohort study in a US claims database

    

Pneumonia due to S. aureus vs No pneumonia

Pneumonia due to P. aeruginosa vs No pneumonia

 

No pneumonia, mean (SD) (n = 201,394)

S. aureus pneumonia, mean (SD) (n = 2275)

P. aeruginosa pneumonia, mean (SD) (n = 1007)

Differencea

P valuea

Differenceb

P valueb

(95 % CI)

(95 % CI)

Pre-index costs,c $ (12 months)

Total all-cause costs

17,379 (38,923)

24,865 (55,676)

29,364 (65,771)

7,487 (6,024, 9,041)

<.001

11,985 (9,436, 14,776)

<.001

Inpatient hospitalization costs

5,985 (25,095)

10,389 (40,126)

11,885 (47,091)

4,405 (3,274, 5,674)

<.001

5,900 (4,015, 8,140)

<.001

Index hospitalization costs,c $

Total costs

33,851 (51,770)

146,978 (235,598)

213,104 (338,552)

100,216 (94,346, 106,360)

<.001

159,361 (146,758, 172,856)

<.001

Post-index costs,c $ (30 days)

Total all-cause costs

4,732 (18,044)

8,243 (23,838)

11,122 (42,503)

3,773 (3,236, 4,348)

<.001

6,327 (5,285, 7,484)

<.001

Inpatient hospitalization costs

2,610 (17,052)

4,836 (22,950)

7,447 (41,852)

2,710 (2,147, 3,343)

<.001

5,139 (3,924, 6,590)

<.001

Post-index costs,c $ (90 days)

Total all-cause costs

10,575 (27,653)

17,460 (39,286)

22,277 (54,113)

7,250 (6,231, 8,335)

<.001

10,842 (9,014, 12,852)

<.001

Inpatient hospitalization costs

4,913 (23,187)

9,281 (35,261)

13,527 (50,214)

4,731 (3,727, 5,860)

<.001

8118 (6,110, 10,513)

<.001

Index hospitalization + post-index costs (30 days),c $

Total all-cause costs

38,583 (57,402)

155,221 (240,527)

224,226 (346,331)

101,579 (95,681, 107,742)

<.001

162,756 (150,118, 176,254)

<.001

Inpatient hospitalization costs

36,461 (56,270)

151,813 (239,022)

220,552 (344,991)

102,287 (96,175, 108,687)

<.001

163,862 (150,714, 177,947)

<.001

  1. CI confidence interval, ICU intensive care unit
  2. aDifferences in means are from gamma regression model (link = log). Statistical comparisons are comparing Cohort 3 (pneumonia due to S. aureus) with Cohort 1 (no pneumonia, reference group); ie, Difference = mean (Cohort 3) − mean (Cohort 1)
  3. bDifferences in means are from gamma regression model (link = log). Statistical comparisons are comparing Cohort 4 (pneumonia due to P. aeruginosa) with Cohort 1 (no pneumonia, reference group); ie, Difference = mean (Cohort 4) − mean (Cohort 1)
  4. cCosts include $0 costs. All costs adjusted for calendar year, reported in 2012 dollars. All costs rounded to nearest dollar
  5. All statistical models were controlled for the following variables: age (continuously), gender, health plan type, geographic region, and DCI comorbidity score. Models of index hospitalization costs and post-index costs were also controlled for the analogous healthcare costs during the 12 month pre-index period. Additional covariates were selected separately for each outcome using a forward selection method. The following additional covariates were considered for inclusion in the models: comorbid conditions (binary for each condition), prior healthcare utilization during the 12 month pre-index period (inpatient stays [0 vs 1+], emergency room visits [0 vs 1+], outpatient and office visits [continuous]), and prior antibiotic use during the 12 month pre-index period (0 vs. 1+)