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Table 4 Logistic regressions predicting customer-PPMV interactions (odds ratios)

From: Care-seeking at patent and proprietary medicine vendors in Nigeria

 

Discussed illness (1)

Sick person was examined (2)

Self/family/friend recommended drug (3)

Ln (cost)a (4)

Had problems paying (5)

Symptoms reported

     

Fever (ref: no fever)

2.738***

2.216***

0.353***

0.816***

2.404***

 

[2.119 – 3.539]

[1.397 – 3.516]

[0.271 – 0.460]

[0.717 – 0.915]

[1.587 – 3.642]

Diarrhea (ref: no diarrhea)

1.351

0.605

0.739

−0.225***

0.990

 

[0.935 - 1.951]

[0.251 - 1.462]

[0.514 - 1.062]

[-0.369 - -0.081]

[0.526 - 1.861]

Headache (ref: no headache)

0.786**

1.084

1.367***

−0.224***

0.753

[0.626 - 0.988]

[0.684 - 1.718]

[1.096 - 1.706]

[-0.311 - -0.137]

[0.493 - 1.150]

Cough/cold (ref: no cough/cold)

1.688***

0.500**

0.686***

0.323***

1.969***

[1.294 - 2.202]

[0.267 - 0.935]

[0.528 - 0.891]

[0.221 - 0.426]

[1.263 - 3.071]

Age (ref: 19-25)

     

13-18

0.631**

0.420*

0.974

−0.281***

0.418**

 

[0.441 – 0.903]

[0.169 – 1.044]

[0.699 – 1.355]

[-0.412 - -0.151]

[0.202 – 0.867]

26-40

1.282*

0.996

0.932

0.086

1.244

 

[0.981 – 1.674]

[0.590 – 1.682]

[0.716 – 1.213]

[-0.017 – 0.189]

[0.772 – 2.007]

41+

1.367*

0.551*

0.906

0.135**

1.887**

 

[0.989 - 1.891]

[0.291 - 1.044]

[0.658 - 1.248]

[0.009 - 0.261]

[1.072 - 3.324]

Education (ref: secondary)

     

Primary

1.580***

2.231***

0.749**

−0.060

1.062

 

[1.183 - 2.112]

[1.262 - 3.942]

[0.565 - 0.991]

[-0.170 - 0.050]

[0.652 - 1.730]

Higher

1.327*

1.248

0.972

0.063

0.488**

 

[0.996 - 1.770]

[0.687 - 2.267]

[0.729 - 1.295]

[-0.048 - 0.175]

[0.274 - 0.867]

Wealth (ref: third quintile)

     

Poorest

0.896

1.378

0.725

0.038

3.036***

 

[0.598 - 1.342]

[0.620 - 3.061]

[0.490 - 1.074]

[-0.117 - 0.193]

[1.569 - 5.874]

Second

1.034

0.836

0.690**

0.026

1.667*

 

[0.745 - 1.436]

[0.417 - 1.675]

[0.500 - 0.952]

[-0.099 - 0.151]

[0.949 - 2.929]

Fourth

1.119

0.871

0.690**

0.168***

0.777

 

[0.813 - 1.540]

[0.451 - 1.682]

[0.505 - 0.943]

[0.047 - 0.290]

[0.415 - 1.455]

Richest

1.023

1.130

0.718**

0.279***

0.866

 

[0.729 - 1.436]

[0.559 - 2.284]

[0.516 - 0.999]

[0.151 - 0.408]

[0.452 - 1.662]

Lives in community (ref: lives outside community)

0.948

0.819

0.805

−0.202***

1.145

[0.695 - 1.294]

[0.452 - 1.486]

[0.591 - 1.096]

[-0.322 - -0.081]

[0.677 - 1.935]

Clinic near home (ref: no clinic near home)

1.047

1.430

0.988

0.056

1.021

[0.826 - 1.327]

[0.860 - 2.378]

[0.786 - 1.243]

[-0.036 - 0.149]

[0.665 - 1.567]

Sick person age (ref: 18+)

     

<5

0.890

0.452

0.855

0.455***

2.240**

 

[0.579 – 1.368]

[0.175 – 1.166]

[0.554 – 1.321]

[0.293 – 0.617]

[1.194 – 4.202]

5-17

1.375*

0.839

0.823

0.210***

1.538

 

[0.947 - 1.998]

[0.355 - 1.985]

[0.572 - 1.183]

[0.070 - 0.350]

[0.815 - 2.900]

Sick person is <18 and present at PPMV (ref: not present or 18+)

4.739***

23.400***

0.224***

0.323***

2.063**

[2.885 - 7.785]

[9.799 - 55.883]

[0.131 - 0.383]

[0.152 - 0.495]

[1.094 - 3.891]

Sick person is male <18 (ref: female or 18+)

0.952

1.053

0.889

−0.125

0.557*

[0.629 - 1.440]

[0.529 - 2.098]

[0.583 - 1.354]

[-0.277 - 0.027]

[0.309 - 1.004]

Diagnosed by formally trained person (ref: not diagnosed by formally trained person)

0.720*

1.627

0.072***

0.669***

1.466

[0.492 - 1.053]

[0.844 - 3.139]

[0.040 - 0.127]

[0.523 - 0.815]

[0.806 - 2.668]

N

2155

2154

2155

2152

2120

  1. ref = reference
  2. ***p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10
  3. 95 % confidence intervals in brackets. Standard errors are clustered at the shop level. All regressions control for customer age and tribe, PPMV age, gender, self-reported formal medical training, if PPMV offers tests/exams, state, and shop location (urban, peri-urban, or rural)
  4. aOrdinary least squares analysis used