Neighbourhood immigration, health care utilization and outcomes in patients with diabetes living in the Montreal metropolitan area (Canada): a population health perspective

Table 5 Odds ratios ¹ as measures of effect of immigration (continuous vs quintiles) on health indicator adjusted (or not) for material and social deprivation: multilevel logistic regression models

	Continuous immigration score		Immigration quintiles
Health indicators	Not adjusted for material & social deprivation scores	Adjusted for material & social deprivation scores	Not adjusted for material & social deprivation quintiles	Adjusted for material & social deprivation quintiles
Health indicators	OR (95% CI)²	OR (95% CI)²	OR (95% CI)³	OR (95% CI)³
All-cause deaths	0.88 (0.78 – 0.99)*	0.89 (0.80 – 1.00)	0.90 (0.81 – 0.99)*	0.87 (0.78 – 0.96)*
All-cause hospitalizations	0.96 (0.91 – 1.00)	0.92 (0.87 – 0.97)*	0.97 (0.92 – 1.01)	0.93 (0.89 – 0.98)*
CVD events	0.82 (0.74 – 0.91)***	0.79 (0.70 – 0.87)***	0.86 (0.78 – 0.94)**	0.84 (0.77 – 0.93)**
ED frequent users (≥4)	1.51 (1.43 – 1.60)***	1.43 (1.35 – 1.52)***	1.38 (1.31 – 1.45)***	1.28 (1.21 – 1.34)***
GP frequent users (≥20)	0.79 (0.74 – 0.83)***	0.69 (0.65 – 0.73)***	0.82 (0.78 – 0.86)***	0.75 (0.71 – 0.79)***
MD specialists frequent users (≥5)	1.50 (1.41 – 1.60)***	1.83 (1.73 – 1.94)***	1.49 (1.41 – 1.58)***	1.64 (1.55 – 1.73)***
Antidiabetic drugs	1.32 (1.20 – 1.43)***	1.20 (1.11 – 1.32)***	1.21 (1.12 – 1.31)***	1.12 (1.03 – 1.22)**

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001;
¹Adjusted for age, sex, being an incident or prevalent diabetes case, having diabetes with complications, presence of comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, renal disease, connective tissue disease, ulcer disease, mild liver disease, moderate to severe liver disease, any tumor, leukemia, lymphoma, metastatic tumor), and living in the urban core.
²OR are calculated using the coefficient obtained in the logistic regression (β) with a continuous immigration score. The OR presented here compares the 97.5^th and the 2.5^th percentile (reference group) of the immigration score.
³OR are calculated using the coefficient obtained in the logistic regression (β) with a categorical immigration score (quintiles). The OR presented here compares the 5^th quintile and the 1^st quintile (reference group) of the immigration score.

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