Health care resource utilization and direct medical costs for patients with schizophrenia initiating treatment with atypical versus typical antipsychotics in Tianjin, China

Table 5 Regression-adjusted cost differences during 12-month follow-up period between atypical and typical cohort (atypical vs. typical)

Variable	Before matching N = 1131				After matching N = 800
	OLS		GLM		OLS		GLM
	Diff	p-value	Diff	p-value	Diff	p-value	Diff	p-value
Total costs	−229	0.091	−238	0.031	−161	0.329	−150	0.245
Medication costs	247	<0.001	242	<0.001	238	<0.001	234	<0.001
Antipsychotic medication	217	<0.001	235	<0.001	204	<0.001	229	<0.001
Concomitant medication	30	0.016	22	<0.001	21	0.052	16	<0.001
Other medication^#	1	0.959	7	0.190	12	0.392	15	0.005
Medical costs	−476	<0.001	−569	<0.001	−399	0.011	−450	<0.001
Costs of inpatient services ^##	−481	<0.001	−592	<0.001	−404	0.010	−555	<0.001
Non-medication treatment cost	−315	<0.001	−401	<0.001	−269	0.004	−351	<0.001
Laboratory and diagnostic cost	−136	<0.001	−158	<0.001	−113	0.002	−131	<0.001
Other inpatient services	−30	0.324	−39	0.056	−22	0.532	−29	0.229
Costs of outpatient services	5	0.002	6	<0.001	5	<0.001	5	<0.001

Regressions adjusted for baseline characteristics including demographics (age, gender and retired), mental comorbidities, concomitant medication, prior resource utilization and costs during baseline. Bold type indicates statistical significance.
^# Other medication corresponded to any other medication except antipsychotic and concomitant medication, which included antihypertension medication, hypoglycemic medication, antibiotics, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular drugs, digestive system drugs, respiratory system drugs, antineoplastic drugs, etc.
^## Non-medication treatment costs corresponded to the costs of any other treatment except medication, which included nursing, monitoring, psychotherapy, behavior training and intervention, etc. Laboratory and diagnostic costs referred to the costs of physical examinations and biochemical tests. Costs of other medical services included blood transfusion, medical consumable, air conditioning and heating fees.

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