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Table 2 Resource utilization and comorbidities for atypical and typical cohorts during 12-month follow-up period

From: Health care resource utilization and direct medical costs for patients with schizophrenia initiating treatment with atypical versus typical antipsychotics in Tianjin, China

Variable

Before matching

After matching

Atypical cohort N = 648

Typical cohortN = 483

p-value

Atypical cohort N = 400

Typical cohort N = 400

p-value

Pharmacy resource utilization

      

Use of antipsychotics [mean(SD)]

      

Days on of all antipsychotics

139.1 (109.0)

143.7 (109.2)

0.483

143.2 (110.7)

143.9 (108.0)

0.938

Time to all-cause discontinuation

111.0 (117.8)

110.2 (114.0)

0.910

113.2 (117.0)

109.0 (111.8)

0.606

Use of concomitant medication [n(%)]

      

Any use of anxiolytics

476 (73.5%)

412 (85.3%)

<0.001

275 (68.8%)

342 (85.5%)

<0.001

Any use of anticholinergics

216 (33.3%)

316 (65.4%)

<0.001

143 (35.8%)

265 (66.3%)

<0.001

Any use of antidepressants

147 (22.7%)

78 (16.2%)

0.006

80 (20.0%)

57 (14.3%)

0.028

Any use of sedative-hypnotics

256 (39.5%)

122 (25.3%)

<0.001

163 (40.8%)

100 (25.0%)

<0.001

Any use of mood stabilizers

78 (12.0%)

52 (10.8%)

0.507

47 (11.8%)

42 (10.5%)

0.569

Medical resource utilization #

      

Any psychiatric hospitalization [n(%)]

297 (45.8%)

274 (56.7%)

<0.001

192 (48.0%)

231 (57.8%)

0.002

The number of psychiatric hospitalizations [mean(SD)]

1.65 (0.76)

1.72 (0.81)

0.291

1.65 (0.76)

1.71 (0.83)

0.487

Length of stay per hospitalization [mean(SD)]

85.6 (84.7)

94.8 (84.2)

0.094

88.3 (86.9)

92.9 (82.9)

0.473

Any psychiatric outpatient visit [n(%)]

519 (80.1%)

318 (65.8%)

<0.001

310 (77.5%)

261 (65.3%)

<0.001

The number of psychiatric outpatient visits [mean(SD)]

7.95 (7.26)

6.96 (6.25)

0.044

7.71 (6.89)

6.52 (5.70)

0.027

Mental comorbidities

      

Mean number of mental comorbidities [mean(SD)]

0.72 (0.92)

0.54 (0.84)

<0.001

0.64 (0.87)

0.49 (0.80)

0.012

Specific mental comorbidities ## [n(%)]

      

Sleep disorder

131 (20.2%)

84 (17.4%)

0.231

70 (17.5%)

63 (15.8%)

0.514

Unspecified mental disorder

112 (17.3%)

75 (15.5%)

0.432

63 (15.8%)

59 (14.8%)

0.700

Depression

110 (17.0%)

52 (10.8%)

0.003

57 (14.3%)

39 (9.8%)

0.052

Anxiety disorder

77 (11.9%)

37 (7.7%)

0.020

42 (10.5%)

27 (6.8%)

0.063

Other psychotic disorder

35 (5.4%)

13 (2.7%)

0.025

23 (5.8%)

7 (1.8%)

0.004

  1. Continuous variables were compared using two-sample t-tests for unmatched samples and paired t-tests for matched samples; categorical variables were compared using chi-square tests for unmatched samples and McNemar’s tests for matched samples. P-values in bold indicates statistical significance.
  2. # The number of psychiatric hospitalizations/length of stay per hospitalization was only for patients who had psychiatric hospitalizations during follow-up period, and the number of psychiatric outpatient visits was only for patients who had psychiatric outpatient visits during follow-up period.
  3. ## Unspecified mental disorder (ICD-10: F99) corresponded to mental disorder which was not otherwise specified across ICD-10: F00-98. Other psychotic disorder corresponded to any other mental disorders (ICD-10: F00-99) except sleep disorder, unspecified mental disorder, depression and anxiety disorder, which included dementia, mania, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorders, disorders of adult personality and behavior, mental retardation, etc.