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Table 2 Summary of key elements of the 13 primary health care initiatives

From: Limited evidence to assess the impact of primary health care system or service level attributes on health outcomes of Indigenous people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

First author, year published, country

Intervention level

Governance

Setting(s)

Location

Delivery

Result reported

Method qualitya

Health outcomeb

Bailie et al. 2004 [20]

HS

Shared

PHC

Remote

Clinic

HbA1c

7/9

Unchanged

Australia

Bailie et al. 2007 [21]

CS

Shared

PHC

Remote

Clinic

HbA1c

6/9

Improved

Australia

Roubideaux et al. 2008 [23]

HS

Shared

PHC, Hospitals

Urban & rural

Clinic

HbA1c

6/9

Unchanged

US

Wilson et al. 2005 [22]

HS

Shared

PHC, Tribal Clinics, Hospitals

Remote & regional

Clinic

HbA1c

8/9

Improved

US

Kenealy et al. 2010 [26]

HS

Private & CC

GPs

Urban & rural

Clinic

HbA1c

6/9

Improved

NZ

Smith et al. 2011 [27]

HS

Govt.

GPs

Urban

Clinic

HbA1c

8/8

Unchanged

NZ

Simmons et al. 2003 [28]

CS

CC

PHC

Rural

Clinic

HbA1c

5/9

Improved

Australia

Schraer et.al. 2003 [25]

CS

Shared

Specialist referral service, PHC

Remote & regional

Out-reach

Amputation incidence

8/9

Improved

US

Ramesh et al. 2008 [24]

CS

Shared

Specialist referral service, PHC

Remote & regional

Out-reach

HbA1c

8/8

Improved

US

Virani et al. 2006 [32]

CS

CC

Mobile van

Remote & rural

Out-reach

HbA1c

4/9

Unchanged

Canada

McDermott et al. 2001 [29]

CS

Govt.

PHC’s

Remote

Clinic

HbA1C

5/9

Unchanged

Australia

% hospitalised

 

Improved

% hosp. episodes

 

Improved

Tobe et al. 2006 [30]

SP

CC

Community

Remote

Home visits

HbA1c

7/9

Unchanged

Canada

Ralph-Campbell et al. 2006 [31]

SP

Govt.

PHCs

Regional centres in rural areas

Out-reach

HbA1c

6/9

Unchanged

Canada

  1. aNumber of quality criteria met compared to total number of criteria.
  2. bOutcome is reported as unchanged if the p value is insignificant, see results Table 3.
  3. HS – health system; CS – clinical system; SP – service program; Shared – both government and community control; CC – community control; Govt. – government; PHC – primary health care service.