Skip to main content

Table 4 Weighted unadjusted, age-adjusted and adjusted odds ratios (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals) according to multinomial logistic analysis

From: High-cost health care users in Ontario, Canada: demographic, socio-economic, and health status characteristics

Characteristic

Top 1%*

Top 2 - 5%*

Top 6 - 50%*

Un-adjusted

Age-adjusted

Adjusted

Un-adjusted

Age-adjusted

Adjusted

Un-adjusted

Age-adjusted

Adjusted

Demographics & Socioeconomics

Sex

         

 Female vs. Male

1.34 (1.10-1.64)

1.47 (1.19-1.81)

1.27 (1.01-1.59)

1.78 (1.62-1.95)

1.93 (1.74-2.13)

1.71 (1.53-1.92)

2.09 (2.00-2.18)

2.20 (2.09-2.31)

1.97 (1.86-2.08)

Age group

         

 18 - 34

1.00 (Ref)

--

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

--

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

--

1.00 (Ref)

 35 - 49

3.14 (1.71-5.77)

--

1.91 (1.01-3.60)

1.62 (1.33-1.98)

--

1.05 (0.84-1.33)

1.37 (1.29-1.45)

--

1.04 (0.97-1.12)

 50 - 64

12.22 (6.86-21.76)

--

3.67 (1.93-6.99)

4.60 (3.89-5.44)

--

1.67 (1.37-2.05)

2.50 (2.35-2.66)

--

1.42 (1.31-1.53)

 65 - 74

113.39 (66.15-194.37)

--

27.92 (15.00-51.95)

38.92 (32.47-46.65)

--

11.51 (9.25-14.33)

12.77 (11.65-13.99)

--

6.45 (5.81-7.17)

 75+

501.66 (283.42-887.95)

--

67.17 (35.53-127.98)

141.84 (115.88-173.60)

--

26.48 (20.71-33.85)

23.57 (20.47-27.15)

--

9.64 (8.30-11.20)

Ethnicity

         

 Visible Minority vs. White

0.44 (0.28-0.71)

0.87 (0.54-1.40)

0.82 (0.49-1.39)

0.44 (0.36-0.54)

0.74 (0.60-0.91)

0.74 (0.57-0.95)

0.89 (0.83-0.95)

1.14 (1.06-1.23)

1.13 (1.02-1.25)

Immigrant status

         

 Immigrant vs. Canadian-Born

1.10 (0.87-1.40)

0.83 (0.65-1.06)

0.83 (0.63-1.09)

1.07 (0.96-1.19)

0.84 (0.75-0.94)

0.92 (0.81-1.04)

1.28 (1.21-1.35)

1.11 (1.05-1.18)

1.10 (1.02-1.18)

Marital status

         

 Other vs. Married‡

1.18 (0.97-1.43)

1.42 (1.15-1.75)

1.25 (1.00-1.56)

1.03 (0.94-1.14)

1.23 (1.10-1.37)

1.04 (0.92-1.17)

0.77 (0.74-0.81)

0.92 (0.88-0.97)

0.87 (0.82-0.92)

Household income

         

 High

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 Middle-High

1.25 (0.77-2.03)

1.23 (0.76-1.99)

0.98 (0.60-1.59)

1.16 (0.95-1.41)

1.14 (0.94-1.09)

0.99 (0.80-1.21)

1.06 (0.98-1.14)

1.07 (0.99-1.16)

1.00 (0.92-1.09)

 Middle

2.07 (1.31-3.28)

1.61 (1.02-2.56)

1.06 (0.66-1.72)

1.27 (1.06-1.51)

1.04 (0.87-1.25)

0.79 (0.65-0.97)

1.09 (1.02-1.16)

1.01 (0.94-1.09)

0.88 (0.81-0.95)

 Middle-Low

2.95 (1.90-4.58)

1.82 (1.18-2.82)

1.03 (0.66-1.61)

2.12 (1.77-2.53)

1.44 (1.20-1.74)

0.97 (0.80-1.19)

1.36 (1.27-1.46)

1.17 (1.08-1.26)

0.94 (0.86-1.02)

 Low

6.68 (4.35-10.24)

3.86 (2.49-5.97)

1.47 (0.94-2.30)

4.13 (3.49-4.90)

2.66 (2.23-3.19)

1.35 (1.11-1.65)

1.90 (1.76-2.05)

1.60 (1.47-1.74)

1.14 (1.04-1.25)

Health status

Has a regular doctor

         

 Yes vs. No

2.63 (1.59-4.38)

1.51 (0.90-2.54)

1.22 (0.68-2.19)

3.23 (2.56-3.85)

2.07 (1.65-2.60)

1.61 (1.25-2.07)

2.59 (2.33-2.78)

2.02 (1.84-2.23)

1.55 (1.40-1.71)

Has a self-reported chronic disease

         

 Yes vs. No

20.02 (14.43-27.77)

8.22 (5.81-11.6)

2.53 (1.75-3.67)

9.68 (8.39-11.17)

4.90 (4.24-5.66)

2.15 (1.85-2.50)

3.43 (3.27-3.59)

2.42 (2.30-2.55)

1.75 (1.66-1.85)

ADG Score - Quintile

         

 Q 1 (Lowest)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 Q 2

1.30 (0.59-2.87)

0.93 (0.41-2.09)

1.07 (0.46-2.47)

0.53 (0.41-0.69)

0.42 (0.33-0.55)

0.53 (0.40-0.70)

0.49 (0.45-0.53)

0.43 (0.40-0.47)

0.57 (0.52-0.62)

 Q 3

2.04 (1.03-4.03)

1.25 (0.62-2.52)

1.24 (0.60-2.53)

1.26 (0.96-1.66)

0.91 (0.69-1.20)

0.97 (0.73-1.30)

0.97 (0.90-1.05)

0.81 (0.75-0.88)

0.93 (0.85-1.01)

 Q 4

4.81 (2.78-8.32)

1.97 (1.11-3.49)

1.59 (0.88-2.85)

2.96 (2.38-3.69)

1.56 (1.24-1.95)

1.43 (1.13-1.81)

1.75 (1.64-1.88)

1.22 (1.13-1.31)

1.27 (1.18-1.38)

 Q 5 (Highest)

92.96 (55.55-155.58)

22.37 (12.77-39.16)

10.16 (5.77-17.90)

25.94 (21.19-31.77)

8.68 (6.99-10.78)

5.36 (4.30-6.68)

5.26 (4.90-5.66)

2.79 (2.57-3.02)

2.51 (2.31-2.74)

Body mass index

         

 Underweight

1.97 (1.33-2.91)

2.82 (1.84-4.33)

1.40 (0.88-2.23)

1.70 (1.29-2.24)

2.28 (1.67-3.11)

1.37 (0.97-1.93)

1.06 (0.91-1.25)

1.29 (1.09-1.53)

0.99 (0.82-1.19)

 Normal weight

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 Overweight

1.27 (1.01-1.60)

0.98 (0.77-1.24)

0.93 (0.73-1.19)

1.32 (1.18-1.47)

1.05 (0.93-1.18)

1.02 (0.90-1.15)

1.14 (1.08-1.19)

0.96 (0.91-1.01)

1.01 (0.95-1.07)

 Obese

2.00 (1.54-2.59)

1.96 (1.50-2.57)

1.09 (0.82-1.46)

2.13 (1.90-2.39)

2.06 (1.82-2.34)

1.33 (1.15-1.53)

1.53 (1.44-1.64)

1.40 (1.31-1.50)

1.21 (1.13-1.31)

Self-perceived general health

         

 Good

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 Fair

16.10 (13.14-19.74)

9.62 (7.76-11.9)

4.01 (3.17-5.07)

9.42 (8.30-10.68)

6.14 (5.36-7.04)

2.93 (2.53-3.40)

3.41 (3.12-3.71)

2.68 (2.44-2.94)

1.69 (1.52-1.87)

 Poor

173.62 (131.35-229.50)

109.37 (81.57-146.64)

26.44 (18.93-36.94)

67.16 (54.62-82.59)

45.77 (36.62-57.20)

13.64 (10.75-17.31)

10.90 (9.04-13.13)

8.55 (7.04-10.4)

3.99 (3.24-4.91)

Self-perceived mental health

         

 Not Good vs. Good

6.21 (4.55-8.48)

8.32 (6.03-11.5)

1.32 (0.91-1.90)

4.20 (3.57-4.94)

5.31 (4.46-6.32)

1.22 (1.00-1.49)

2.27 (2.03-2.55)

2.52 (2.23-2.83)

1.23 (1.08-1.40)

Consulted mental health professional

         

 Yes vs. No

3.19 (2.37-4.29)

6.91 (5.07-9.42)

2.43 (1.72-3.44)

2.67 (2.33-3.05)

4.81 (4.15-5.58)

2.00 (1.69-2.37)

2.14 (1.98-2.32)

2.74 (2.52-2.97)

1.67 (1.52-1.83)

Health behavior

Life stress

         

 High vs. Low

1.18 (0.93-1.51)

2.47 (1.90-3.20)

1.01 (0.78-1.29)

1.09 (0.98-1.21)

1.92 (1.71-2.16)

1.08 (0.95-1.23)

1.04 (0.98-1.10)

1.31 (1.24-1.39)

1.06 (0.99-1.13)

Smoking status

         

 Non-smoker

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 Former (Daily)

2.74 (2.18-3.44)

1.57 (1.24-2.00)

1.35 (1.07-1.70)

2.38 (2.14-2.65)

1.48 (1.32-1.66)

1.38 (1.23-1.55)

1.52 (1.43-1.60)

1.12 (1.05-1.19)

1.15 (1.08-1.22)

 Light smoker

0.66 (0.50-0.87)

1.28 (0.95-1.73)

0.91 (0.66-1.25)

0.76 (0.66-0.87)

1.24 (1.07-1.44)

1.03 (0.88-1.21)

0.79 (0.74-0.85)

0.97 (0.91-1.04)

0.99 (0.91-1.07)

 Heavy smoker

1.67 (1.15-2.43)

2.66 (1.80-3.95)

1.19 (0.77-1.86)

1.39 (1.18-1.65)

1.95 (1.63-2.34)

1.19 (0.97-1.46)

0.83 (0.75-0.90)

0.89 (0.81-0.98)

0.87 (0.78-0.96)

Physical activity

         

 Active vs. inactive

0.39 (0.32-0.48)

0.46 (0.37-0.57)

0.74 (0.59-0.93)

0.57 (0.52-0.64)

0.65 (0.58-0.72)

0.92 (0.82-1.04)

0.78 (0.75-0.82)

0.83 (0.79-0.87)

0.95 (0.90-1.01)

Alcohol consumption (past 12 months)

         

 Non-Drinker vs. Current drinker

4.02 (3.26-4.96)

2.80 (2.24-3.50)

1.57 (1.26-1.97)

2.97 (2.68-3.29)

2.21 (1.98-2.47)

1.46 (1.28-1.66)

1.68 (1.58-1.79)

1.46 (1.37-1.56)

1.12 (1.04-1.21)

  1. *Referent group: Bottom 50% of users. ‡Other: divorced, separated, widowed or single (never married); Married includes common-law.