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Table 3 Correlating NCD status with individual, societal and healthcare system determinants and healthcare utilization

From: A mixed methods exploration of patterns of healthcare utilization of urban women with non-communicable disease in South Africa

Domain

Determinants

No NCD

NCD

Total

P-value

Individual determinants

Age (mean ± SD) (N = 1089)

43.7 ± 5.8

45.7 ± 6.6

44.7 ± 6.3

p = 0.00

 

Socioeconomic Status (N = 1085)

    
 

Low

102 (18.9%)

85 (15.6%)

187 (17.2%)

p = 0.16

 

Medium to High

439 (81.2%)

459 (84.4%)

898 (82.8%)

 
 

Employment (N = 1089)

    
 

Formal or informal paid labor

287 (52.9%)

225 (41.1%)

512 (47%)

p = 0.00

 

Housewife/pensioner/unemployed

255 (47.1%)

322 (58.8%)

577 (53%)

 
 

Medical aid (N = 1086)

98 (18.2%)

94 (17.2%)

894 (82.3%)

p = 0.67

Societal determinants

Shared hlth beliefs family (N = 1090)

540 (99.5%)

542 (99.1%)

1082 (99.3%)

p = 0.48

 

Shared hlth beliefs comm (N = 1090)

435 (80.1%)

446 (81.5%)

881 (80.8%)

p = 0.5

 

Specific belief in traditional healers (N = 1085)

170 (31.4%)

175 (32.2%)

345 (31.8%)

p = 0.79

 

Use of patient strategies (N = 1090)

119 (21.9%)

150 (27.4%)

269 (24.7%)

p = 0.03

Healthcare system determinants

Availability of formal healthcare services (N = 1090)

462 (85.1%)

473 (86.5%)

935 (85.8%)

p = 0.5

 

Affordability of formal healthcare services (N = 1090)

387 (71.3%)

380 (69.5%)

767 (70.4%)

p = 0.5

Healthcare utilization

Place of Treatment* (N = 263)

    
 

Private healthcare services

36 (43.9%)

70 (38.7%)

106 (40.3%)

p = 0.42

 

Public healthcare services

46 (56.1%)

111 (61.3%)

157 (59.7%)

 
 

Health Care Utilization (N = 1086)

    
 

Utilization in last 6 months

82 (15.2%)

181 (33.2%)

263 (24.2%)

p = 0.00

 

No Utilization in last 6 months

459 (84.8%)

364 (66.8%)

823 (75.8%)

 
  1. *Respondents could provide more than one answer. First answer taken.