Prolonged acute mechanical ventilation and hospital bed utilization in 2020 in the United States: implications for budgets, plant and personnel planning

Table 1 Model Parameter Estimates and Sources

Input variable	Point estimate	Range (95% CI)	Source/Calculation
VOLUME AND BED DAYS
Annual adult PAMV volume (number of discharges)
2000	252,577	N/A	[25]
2020	605,898	456,695 to 779,806	[20]
Incremental LOS by level of service (days)
MV	6	4 to 11	[29]
Non-MV ICU	3	2 to 4	Total ICU – MV [29]
Total ICU	9	6 to 15	[29]
Non-ICU hospital	8	5 to 11	Median hospital LOS [19] – ICU LOS [29]
Total hospital	17	11 to 26	[19]
COSTS (2008 $US)
Cost of MV day	$5,811	$5,050 to $11,374	[31]*
Cost of non-MV ICU day	$2,880	$1,219 to $4,541	[12]^†
Cost of non-ICU hospital day	$1,170	$827 to $1,513	[12]^†

PAMV is prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. LOS is length of stay. MV is mechanical ventilation. ICU is intensive care unit. CI is confidence interval. N/A is not applicable.
*Calculated as a weighted average cost based on reference 31 and utilized extreme values for the sensitivity range inflated to year 2008 $US.
^†Based on reference 12, calculated as the average of the values computed by each reported method to arrive at the point estimates for the model, and varied the inputs across the corresponding ranges; inflated to year 2008 $US.