Table 3 Indicators of collaboration according to the typology
From: A model and typology of collaboration between professionals in healthcare organizations
Indicators | Active Collaboration LEVEL 3 | Developing Collaboration LEVEL 2 | Potential or Latent Collaboration LEVEL 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
Goals | Consensual, comprehensive goals | Some shared ad hoc goals | Conflicting goals or absence of shared goals |
Client-centred orientation vs. other allegiances | Client-centred orientation | Professional or organizational interests drive orientations | Tendency to let private interests drive orientations |
Mutual acquaintanceship | Frequent opportunities to meet, regular joint activities | Few opportunities to meet, few joint activities | No opportunities to meet, no joint activities |
Trust | Grounded trust | Trust is conditional, is taking shape. | Lack of trust |
Centrality | Strong and active central body that fosters consensus | Central body with an ill-defined role, ambiguous political and strategic role. | Absence of a central body, quasi-absence of a political role. |
Leadership | Shared, consensual leadership | Unfocused, fragmented leadership that has little impact | Non-consensual, monopolistic leadership |
Support for innovation | Expertise that fosters introduction of collaboration and innovation | Sporadic, fragmented expertise | Little or no expertise available to support collaboration and innovation |
Connectivity | Many venues for discussion and participation | Ad hoc discussion venues related to specific issues | Quasi-absence of discussion venues |
Formalization tools | Consensual agreements, jointly defined rules | Non-consensual agreements, do not reflect practices or are in the process of being negotiated or constructed | No agreement or agreement not respected, a source of conflict |
Information exchange | Common infrastructure for collecting and exchanging information | Incomplete information-exchange infrastructure, does not meet needs or is used inappropriately | Relative absence of any common infrastructure or mechanism for collecting or exchanging information |