Table 3 Summary of 25 papers reviewed

Kenya [11] Unknown

Providing outreach immunization services in schools along with dissemination of information about immunizations by students

Trial with evaluation before and after

India [6] 1975–1988

Supporting immunization activities in the community by using local women to provide health information and track immunizations

Trial with comparison groups

Papua New Guinea [12] 1983–1987

Improving access to immunizations by providing vaccinations at lower level health facilities (health posts) by trained Aid Post Orderlies

Trial with comparison group

Nigeria [13] 1984–1986

Providing immunizations at more locations and more convenient times in combination with parent education ‡

Trial with evaluation before and after

Mozambique [15,16] 1985–1987

Visiting homes to mobilize the community and refer unvaccinated children to services while providing regular pulse outreach

Trial with evaluation before and after

South Africa [8] 1987–1988

Conducting home visits using village health workers who retain visit records ‡

Trial with evaluation before and after

Bangladesh [7] 1987–1988

Following-up defaulters using low-literacy urban volunteers

Observational

Ghana [9] 1991–1992

Visiting homes to refer families to services using non-health workers ‡

Trial with comparison groups

Mozambique [14] 1994

Providing outreach services to areas affected by conflict

Observational

Mexico [10] 1994

Identifying children needing vaccines through home visits by community members

Trial with comparison groups

Using information dissemination to increase demand for vaccination

The West Bank [19] 1985–1996

Developing staffed village-resource rooms

Observational

Philippines [17] 1989–1990

Communicating measles information through a mass media campaign ‡

Trial with evaluation before and after

Bangladesh [18] 1995

Advocating, by an NGO credit program, for women to utilize immunization services ‡

Observational

Changing practices in fixed sites

Sudan [21] Unknown

Moving vaccination locations closer to the consulting room or having physicians give an immunization "prescription" after curative care

Observational

Nigeria [22] 1982

Reorganizing health centers to include a quick immunization line

Trial with evaluation before and after

Mexico [23] 1991

Screening hospitalized children for vaccination status and immunizing those not up-to-date

Observational

Ethiopia [20] 1991–1992

Using reminder stickers to reduce dropout in fixed facilities along with health education ‡

Trial with comparison groups

Using innovative management practices

Papua New Guinea [26] 1982–1984

Creating a reporting system based on updated catchment area and target population data, including regular feedback

Trial with evaluation before and after

Nicaragua [29,30] 1985

Providing food incentives to improve attendance at well child clinics (mobile and fixed) ‡

Trial with evaluation before and after

Bolivia [25] 1992–1994

Using data and community information to develop appropriate programs

Trial with comparison groups

Indonesia [27] 1993–1994

Training nurses in under-performing health centers using low-cost on-the-job peer training ‡

Trial with comparison groups

Cambodia [24] 1997–2000

Using contractors to increase immunization coverage and equity ‡

Trial with comparison groups

Madagascar [28] 2000

Using auto-disable syringes for increasing safety and reducing missed opportunities

Trial with comparison groups