Table 2 Adjusted Hazards Ratios from the Mortality Models.

Model 1

Model 2

   Non-Veterans (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   VHA Only Veterans

1.368^†

1.379^†

   Medicare Only Veterans

1.079

1.081

   Dual Use Veterans

1.383*

   Subsets of Dual Use Veterans

Dual Use by Hospitalization Criterion

1.214

Dual Use by Physician Visit Criterion

1.449^†

Dual Use by Both Criteria

1.979*

Covariates

Sociodemographic

Age

1.096***

1.096***

Race

   White (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   Hispanic

0.824

0.819

   African American

0.897

0.892

   Other Race

1.209

1.218

Living Alone

1.060

1.051

Socioeconomic

Education

   Grade School

0.807*

0.813*

   High School (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   Some College

0.831^†

0.831^†

Income < $15,000

0.923

0.929

Wealth <= $19,000

1.040

1.017

Private Health Insurance

0.963

0.961

Life Style

Smoker (ever)

1.138

1.137

Weight

   Normal or under weight (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   Over Weight

0.853*

0.848*

   Obese

0.820

0.818

Drinking

   Never drank (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   <1 drink/day

0.958

0.957

   1–2 drinks/day

0.912

0.915

   3+ drinks/day

1.063

1.067

Never Having a Driver's License

0.976

0.968

Disease History

Arthritis

0.989

0.988

Cancer

1.202^†

1.210^†

Diabetes

1.340**

1.327**

Stroke

1.439**

1.428**

Hypertension

1.015

1.011

Lung Disease

1.563***

1.564***

Heart Condition

1.210*

1.200*

Hip Fracture

1.102

1.100

Psychological Problems

1.444*

1.455*

Functional Limitations

ADL Count

0.940

0.942

IADL Count

1.132*

1.133*

Lower Body Limitations Count

1.062^†

1.058

Hearing – Poor or Fair

0.945

0.941

Vision – Poor or Fair

1.170^†

1.170^†

Memory – Poor or Fair

0.842*

0.843*

Self-Rated Health:

   Excellent or Very Good

0.765**

0.763**

   Good (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   Poor or Fair

1.157

1.154

Ability to Drive

1.026

1.011

Depressive Symptoms

   None

0.964

0.968

   1 or 2 (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   3 or more

1.246*

1.264*

Cognitive Status

   Low

1.169

1.171

   Average (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   High

0.779**

0.784**

Prior Health Services Usage

N of Self-Reported Hospitalizations

   0 (reference group)

1.000

1.000

   1

0.922

0.922

   2+

1.313*

1.328*

N of Claim-based Physician Visits

1.009**

1.009**