From: Equity in health services use and intensity of use in Canada
 | General practitioners | Specialists | Hospitals | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Logistic | Zero-truncated negative binomial | Logistic | Zero-truncated negative binomial | Logistic | Zero-truncated negative binomial |
Variable | OR | IRR | OR | IRR | OR | IRR |
Age | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
   20–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   25–29 | 1.18 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.31 ** | 1.06 | 0.92 |
   30–34 | 0.89 | 0.89 ** | 1.04 | 1.14 | 0.89 | 1.04 |
   35–39 | 0.73 ** | 0.83 *** | 0.83 * | 1.06 | 0.72 ** | 1.17 |
   40–44 | 0.72 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.73 *** | 1.01 | 0.62 *** | 0.96 |
   45–49 | 0.68 *** | 0.75 *** | 0.76 ** | 0.86 | 0.58 *** | 1.26 |
   50–54 | 0.80 * | 0.76 *** | 0.82 * | 0.86 | 0.59 *** | 1.62 ** |
   55–59 | 0.81 * | 0.72 *** | 0.77 ** | 0.78 ** | 0.68 ** | 1.67 ** |
   60–64 | 0.79 * | 0.68 *** | 0.72 *** | 0.85 * | 0.71 ** | 1.45 * |
   65–69 | 0.73 * | 0.56 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.60 *** | 1.02 | 2.02 ** |
   70–74 | 0.88 | 0.53 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.92 | 2.33 *** |
   75–79 | 0.81 | 0.58 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.52 *** | 1.07 | 2.29 *** |
   80+ | 0.96 | 0.61 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.46 *** | 1.18 | 2.73 *** |
Sex | 0.35 *** | 0.74 *** | 0.44 *** | 1.00 | 0.67 ** | 1.20 |
Sex × age^^ | *** | *** | *** | * | *** |  |
Minority | 1.26 *** | 1.14 *** | 0.95 | 0.73 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.90 |
Education | * | *** | *** | Â | Â | Â |
   Post-secondary graduate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Secondary graduate | 0.99 | 1.04 ** | 0.91 *** | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.98 |
   Less than secondary education | 0.90 ** | 1.08 *** | 0.74 *** | 0.91 * | 1.05 | 0.96 |
   Currently in school | 1.10 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 0.74 | 1.58 |
   Missing | 1.01 | 1.07 | 0.86 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 1.18 |
Home ownership | Â | *** | Â | *** | ** | * |
   Own the dwelling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Do not own the dwelling | 0.96 | 1.08 *** | 0.99 | 1.15 *** | 1.14 ** | 1.13 ** |
   Missing | 0.70 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 1.37 | 1.00 |
Household income | *** | ** | *** | Â | Â | * |
   Highest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Upper middle | 0.93 * | 1.06 ** | 0.87 *** | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.07 |
   Middle | 0.83 *** | 1.06 ** | 0.79 *** | 0.92 | 0.94 | 1.17 * |
   Lower middle | 0.79 *** | 1.11 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.90 | 0.93 | 1.25 ** |
   Lowest | 0.70 *** | 1.12 ** | 0.67 *** | 0.97 | 1.06 | 1.29 * |
   Missing | 0.87 ** | 1.05 | 0.83 ** | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.21 * |
Self-help group participation^ | 1.30 ** | 1.18 *** | 1.36 *** | 1.28 *** | 1.34 *** | 1.41 *** |
Sense of belonging to community | ** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   No | 0.88 *** | 0.97 * | 0.96 | 1.01 | 0.94 | 1.04 |
   Missing | 0.64 ** | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.86 |
Health Utilities Index | 0.95 | 0.93 *** | 0.91 ** | 0.91 * | 1.04 | 0.99 |
Self-perceived health | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
   Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Very good | 1.21 *** | 1.21 *** | 1.17 *** | 1.19 *** | 1.00 | 1.10 |
   Good | 1.25 *** | 1.53 *** | 1.38 *** | 1.44 *** | 1.39 *** | 1.36 *** |
   Fair or poor | 1.51 *** | 2.00 *** | 1.81 *** | 1.87 *** | 1.99 *** | 1.80 *** |
   Missing | 0.82 | 1.54 * | 0.62 | 0.99 | 4.11 * | 1.36 |
Stress | *** | *** | Â | Â | Â | *** |
   Not at all or not very stressed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   A bit stressed | 1.07 * | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.90 ** | 0.92 |
   Quite a bit or extremely stressed | 1.16 *** | 1.10 *** | 1.05 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.92 *** |
   Missing | 1.31 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 1.34 | 0.76 | 1.45 * |
Depression | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
   0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   1 | 0.96 | 1.17 ** | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.19 | 0.93 |
   2 | 1.33 *** | 1.30 *** | 1.31 *** | 1.44 *** | 1.34 *** | 1.32 *** |
   3 | 1.92 *** | 1.47 *** | 1.56 *** | 1.74 *** | 1.73 *** | 1.34 ** |
   4 | 1.91 *** | 1.78 *** | 1.61 *** | 2.03 *** | 2.67 *** | 1.98 *** |
   Missing | 0.90 | 1.19 *** | 1.13 | 1.39 *** | 1.43 ** | 1.03 |
ADL | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * |
   No limitation | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Sometimes | 0.98 | 1.08 *** | 1.11 ** | 1.13 ** | 0.94 | 0.93 |
   Often | 1.19 ** | 1.17 *** | 1.35 *** | 1.20 *** | 1.19 ** | 1.07 |
IADL | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
   No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Yes | 1.36 *** | 1.35 *** | 1.41 *** | 1.40 *** | 1.83 *** | 1.50 ** |
   Missing | 1.76 | 1.09 | 1.42 | 1.35 | 1.52 | 1.22 |
Birth^ | 1.06 | 1.53 *** | 1.24 *** | 2.11 *** | 5.26 *** | 1.03 |
Injury^ | 2.30 *** | 1.29 *** | 1.43 *** | 1.11 ** | 1.75 *** | 1.09 |
Injury × age^^ | ** | *** |  |  |  |  |
Number of chronic conditions | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | * |
   0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 ** | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   1 | 1.52 *** | 1.32 *** | 1.67 *** | 1.17 ** | 1.41 *** | 1.20 ** |
   2 | 2.05 *** | 1.57 *** | 2.29 *** | 1.20 ** | 1.48 *** | 1.27 ** |
   3 | 2.44 *** | 1.73 *** | 2.67 *** | 1.26 *** | 1.56 *** | 1.33 ** |
   4+ | 2.72 *** | 1.83 *** | 3.47 *** | 1.48 *** | 1.50 *** | 1.31 ** |
   Missing | 1.04 | 1.74 *** | 2.16 *** | 1.20 | 1.41 * | 1.32 |
Food allergies^ | 0.86 * | 0.93 ** | 0.84 *** | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1.00 |
Other allergies^ | 0.91 * | 0.93 *** | 0.86 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.92 * |
Other allergies × age^^ |  |  | *** |  |  |  |
Asthma^ | 1.10 | 1.04 * | 0.90 ** | 0.97 | 1.13 * | 0.97 |
Arthritis^ | 1.19 *** | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.93 * | 0.98 | 0.85 *** |
High blood pressure^ | 1.94 *** | 1.20 *** | 0.85 *** | 0.91 | 1.12 * | 0.57 |
High blood pressure × age^^ |  |  |  |  |  | ** |
Migraine^ | 0.87 | 1.08 ** | 0.89 ** | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.84 ** |
Migraine × age^^ | *** |  |  |  |  |  |
Urinary incontinence^ | 1.07 | 0.93 * | 1.13 * | 0.92 | 1.14 | 1.13 * |
Urinary incontinence × age^^ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diabetes^ | 1.35 ** | 1.20 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 8.71 *** | 1.10 |
Diabetes × age^^ |  | ** |  |  | *** |  |
Chronic bronchitis^ | 1.12 | 0.99 | 0.84 ** | 0.95 | 1.19 ** | 1.04 |
Heart disease^ | 1.37 *** | 1.13 *** | 1.60 *** | 0.93 | 1.91 *** | 0.20 ** |
Heart disease × age^^ |  |  |  |  |  | ** |
Cancer^ | 0.26 | 1.20 *** | 3.53 *** | 1.64 | 2.46 | 0.45 |
Cancer × age^^ | *** |  |  | ** | *** | *** |
Stomach or intestinal ulcers^ | 1.17 | 1.10 ** | 1.77 * | 0.88 * | 1.15 | 0.92 |
Stomach or intestinal ulcers × age^^ |  |  | ** |  |  |  |
Bowel disorders^ | 1.37 * | 1.10 | 1.49 *** | 1.05 | 1.34 *** | 3.55 *** |
Bowel disorders × age^^ |  |  |  |  |  | *** |
Eye problem^ | 0.76 ** | 0.90 *** | 0.84 *** | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.31 ** |
Eye problem × age^^ |  |  |  |  |  | ** |
Thyroid condition^ | 1.63 *** | 1.06 * | 1.07 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.87 |
Epilepsy^ | 1.14 | 0.99 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 1.34 | 1.16 |
Epilepsy × age^^ |  |  |  |  |  | *** |
Chronic fatigue syndrome^ | 0.93 | 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.84 * | 1.18 |
Chronic fatigue syndrome × age^^ |  |  |  |  |  | ** |
Stroke^ | 2.17 | 0.54 | 0.80 * | 0.99 | 1.34 ** | 1.42 *** |
Stroke × age^^ | ** | ** |  |  |  |  |
Overweight | Â | *** | ** | *** | * | Â |
   Underweight or acceptable weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Overweight | 1.06 * | 1.03 * | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.03 |
   Missing | 0.97 | 1.33 *** | 1.22 ** | 1.34 *** | 0.78 * | 0.90 |
Smoking | *** | Â | *** | Â | Â | Â |
   Never smoked | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Former smoker | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.14 *** | 1.01 | 1.09 | 1.05 |
   Current smoker | 0.77 *** | 1.00 | 0.90 ** | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.07 |
   Missing | 1.03 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 1.24 | 0.65 |
Drinking | ** | *** | Â | *** | *** | *** |
   Not regular drinker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Regular drinker | 1.09 ** | 0.89 *** | 1.04 | 0.85 *** | 0.74 *** | 0.97 *** |
   Missing | 1.43 * | 0.81 * | 0.97 | 1.37 | 1.33 | 0.91 |
Physical activity | ** | ** | Â | Â | *** | Â |
   Active | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Moderate or inactive | 1.08 * | 1.06 *** | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.18 *** | 0.99 |
   Missing | 1.51 ** | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.33 | 1.27 | 1.38 |
Fruit and vegetable consumption | ** | *** | *** | Â | * | Â |
   5+ servings a day | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Less than 5 servings a day | 0.94 * | 0.92 *** | 0.88 *** | 0.97 | 0.91 ** | 0.97 |
   Missing | 0.75 ** | 0.88 * | 0.78 * | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.78 |
Alternative health care^ | 1.43 *** | 1.20 *** | 1.28 *** | 1.11 ** | 0.92 | 1.00 |
Province of residence | ** | ** | *** | ** | ** | ** |
   ON | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   NF | 1.59 *** | 1.20 *** | 1.04 | 0.92 | 1.29 ** | 1.22 * |
   PEI | 1.05 | 0.93 * | 0.88 * | 0.97 | 1.48 *** | 1.27 ** |
   NS | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.91 * | 0.80 *** | 1.02 | 1.06 |
   NB | 1.23 *** | 0.90 *** | 1.02 | 0.71 *** | 1.40 *** | 1.34 *** |
   QC | 0.66 *** | 0.74 *** | 1.50 *** | 0.80 *** | 1.34 *** | 0.96 |
   MB | 0.84 *** | 0.99 | 0.90 * | 1.02 | 1.18 * | 1.08 |
   SK | 1.12 * | 1.06 * | 0.79 *** | 0.81 ** | 1.38 *** | 1.00 |
   AL | 0.92 * | 1.08 ** | 0.71 *** | 0.87 ** | 1.17 ** | 1.05 |
   BC | 1.03 | 1.14 *** | 0.75 *** | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.03 |
α |  | 0.95 |  | 2.99 |  | 1.64 |
n | 110923 | 89151 | 111087 | 31819 | 111104 | 11291 |
Pseudo-R square | 0.12 | Â | 0.11 | Â | 0.15 | Â |
Log likelihood | -49891.01 | -38209980 | -60018.27 | -11517957 | -27813.50 | -5128804.50 |
Wald chi-square~ | 4847.42 *** | 13954.43 *** | 6072.91 *** | 2619.61 *** | 5297.16 *** | 2795.83 *** |