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Table 2 Effect of comorbidity of patients with diabetes on medical health care utilization adjusted for age, gender, educational level and GP practice specified for type of comorbidity with the patient group without comorbidity as reference group (coefficient and 95% confidence interval (CI) and Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% CI (n = 7,499))

From: Comorbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus: impact on medical health care utilization

 

DM + any comorbidity (n = 3,324)

Type of comorbidity

       

DM + only dm-related comorbidity

DM + only non dm-related comorbidity

DM + both types of comorbidity

Number of comorbidities

1 (n = 2,419)

2 (n = 718)

≥3 (n = 187)

(n = 871)

(n = 1,856)

(n = 597)

 

β/OR

CI 95%

β/OR

CI 95%

β/OR

CI 95%

β/OR

CI 95%

β/OR

CI 95%

β/OR

CI 95%

GP care

            

No. of visits to GP (β)

3.9

(3.6, 4.3)

10.3

(9.7, 10.9)

18.0

(16.9, 19.1)

4.6

(4.1, 5.2)

4.7

(4.2, 5.1)

12.4

(11.7, 13.0)

% patients with prescriptions (OR)

*

 

*

 

*

 

*

 

*

 

*

 

No. of prescriptions (β)

6.9

(5.9, 7.9)

19.2

(17.6, 20.8)

35.9

(33.0, 38.7)

11.7

(10.3, 13.2)

7.0

(5.9, 8.0)

23.4

(21.7, 25.2)

Ambulatory medical specialist care†

            

% of patients with consultations (OR)

2.4

(2.1, 2.8)

3.7

(3.1, 4.6)

5.6

(4.0, 7.9)

1.7

(1.4, 2.1)

2.9

(2.5, 3.3)

4.3

(3.5, 5.4)

No. of consultations (β)

0.4

(0.3, 0.4)

0.8

(0.7,0.9)

1.3

(1.1, 1.5)

0.2

(0.1, 0.3)

0.5

(0.4, 0.6)

1.0

(0.8, 1.1)

Hospital care

            

% patients with hospital admission (OR)

3.4

(2.9, 4.2)

6.4

(5.1, 8.2)

9.8

(6.8, 14.0)

3.3

(2.5, 4.2)

3.8

(3.2, 4.6)

7.7

(6.0, 9.9)

No. of hospital admissions (β)

0.3

(0.2, 0.3)

0.6

(0.5, 0.7)

0.9

(0.8, 1.1)

0.3

(0.2, 0.4)

0.3

(0.2, 0.4)

0.7

(0.6, 0.8)

Average length of stay (β)

0.6

(0.4, 0.7)

1.4

(1.1, 1.7)

3.0

(2.5, 3.6)

0.7

(0.4, 0.9)

0.6

(0.4, 0.9)

2.1

(1.8, 2.4)

Total hospital days (β)

1.5

(1.1, 2.0)

4.5

(3.7, 5.2)

9.1

(7.8, 10.4)

2.2

(1.5, 2.8)

1.7

(1.2, 2.2)

5.9

(5.1, 6.7)

  1. DM: diabetes mellitus; GP: general practitioner. # low: none and primary school; middle: secondary school or lower and intermediate vocational training; high: higher vocational training or university. †= only first referrals are included in the analysis.