Table 1 Frequency distributions (weighted percentages unless indicated otherwise) of socioeconomic, demographic, and health characteristics of respondents, and their health-care utilization, by country: Joint Canada/US Survey of Health, 2002–03*
United States | Canada | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | Any DC care (n = 595) | Total pop. (N = 5183) | Any DC care (n = 448) | Total pop. (N = 3505) |
Socioeconomic and demographic factors: | |||||
Age (Years) | 18–44 | 50.3 | 52.3 | 56.4 | 52.3 |
45–64 | 37.2 | 31.7 | 32.8 | 32.1 | |
≥ 65 | 12.5 | 16.0 | 10.8 | 15.6 | |
Mean (SE) | 45.2 (0.7) | 45.4 (0.3) | 43.4 (0.8) | 45.1 (0.3) | |
Median | 44 | 43 | 42 | 43 | |
Sex | Male | 43.4 | 48.0 | 47.0 | 49.1 |
Female | 56.6 | 52.0 | 53.0 | 50.9 | |
Race/ethnicity | White only | 80.2 | 69.3 | 86.8 | 81.0 |
Other/multiple | 16.7 | 26.4 | 13.0 | 17.7 | |
Education | No high school degree or GED | 8.4 | 11.3 | 15.1 | 19.4 |
High school degree or GED | 35.8 | 35.8 | 32.4 | 30.6 | |
Some college | 14.1 | 35.3 | 20.2 | 21.2 | |
4-year college degree or certificate | 39.0 | 35.3 | 31.2 | 27.3 | |
Marital status | Married or living with partner | 65.9 | 61.3 | 69.6 | 64.7 |
Widowed | 4.6 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 5.7 | |
Separated or divorced | 11.4 | 10.4 | 7.8 | 7.7 | |
Single | 15.3 | 18.5 | 18.4 | 20.9 | |
Household income (adjusted for household size) | Lowest quintile | 11.3 | 15.3 | 11.5 | 17.0 |
Lower middle | 18.0 | 16.4 | 18.9 | 17.5 | |
Middle | 15.4 | 14.5 | 16.6 | 16.1 | |
Upper middle | 18.3 | 15.2 | 20.2 | 17.6 | |
Highest | 18.2 | 14.8 | 21.6 | 16.0 | |
Main income source | Employment | 77.3 | 72.4 | 79.7 | 75.0 |
Health status and chronic conditions: | |||||
Chronic conditions (lifetime history) | Asthma | 13.1 | 11.4 | 12.3 | 10.4 |
Arthritis | 23.2 | 18.6 | 20.3 | 16.8 | |
Hypertension | 19.9 | 22.7 | 13.0 | 18.3 | |
Emphysema or COPD | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | |
Diabetes | 5.1 | 6.7 | 3.9 | 4.7 | |
Heart disease | 4.7 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 5.1 | |
Coronary heart disease | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | |
Angina | 1.5 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 3.7 | |
1 or more conditions | 38.4 | 36.8 | 34.2 | 33.4 | |
Depression | Episode in past 12 months | 11.2 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 8.0 |
Mental health visit | Visit in past 12 months | 14.8 | 10.5 | 14.5 | 10.1 |
Emotional problems | Happy and interested in life | 77.7 | 77.9 | 84.8 | 80.8 |
Health Utility Index | Mean (SE) | 0.87 (0.01) | 0.87 (<0.01) | 0.87 (0.01) | 0.88 (<0.01) |
Self-rated health | Excellent | 26.1 | 26.4 | 23.5 | 24.0 |
Very good | 36.9 | 32.5 | 39.1 | 36.4 | |
Good | 24.9 | 26.5 | 25.3 | 28.0 | |
Fair or poor | 12.1 | 14.6 | 12.2 | 11.5 | |
Activity restrictions and lifestyle factors: | |||||
Pain/activity limits | No pain or discomfort | 75.2 | 80.6 | 75.3 | 82.0 |
Activity restrictions | Often | 9.9 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 9.6 |
Sometimes | 24.4 | 18.6 | 25.4 | 19.8 | |
Never | 64.6 | 69.9 | 63.9 | 69.6 | |
Back or neck problems | Cause of activity limitations | 16.3 | 9.1 | 20.1 | 10.4 |
Smoking status | Current | 19.7 | 22.3 | 23.6 | 24.8 |
Past | 28.4 | 23.5 | 31.5 | 28.7 | |
Never | 51.5 | 53.7 | 44.7 | 46.2 | |
Body weight | Under/normal weight (BMI <25) | 40.4 | 43.5 | 47.6 | 48.8 |
Overweight (BMI 25 – <30) | 32.9 | 32.5 | 35.2 | 32.7 | |
Obese (BMI > = 30) | 22.9 | 19.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | |
Physical activity (past 3 months) | Active | 22.0 | 21.1 | 27.0 | 26.4 |
Moderate | 20.7 | 20.2 | 25.2 | 25.5 | |
Inactive | 55.2 | 55.9 | 46.9 | 47.0 | |
Activity frequency (past 3 months) | Regular | 56.2 | 55.0 | 67.1 | 65.8 |
Occasional | 18.3 | 16.9 | 18.4 | 16.4 | |
Infrequent | 23.5 | 25.2 | 13.7 | 16.7 | |
Health-care use and perceptions: | |||||
Hospitalization | 1 or more in past 12 months | 10.3 | 10.2 | 7.7 | 9.1 |
No. of prescriptions | 1 or more in past month | 66.6 | 57.5 | 57.8 | 55.2 |
No. of different prescription medications | <3 in past 2 days | 47.3 | 37.5 | 44.4 | 39.9 |
3–5 in past 2 days | 15.6 | 14.2 | 9.8 | 11.7 | |
6+ in past 2 days | 3.7 | 5.6 | 3.0 | 3.3 | |
Health insurance | Insured in past 12 months | 89.2 | 86.9 | NA | NA7 |
Unmet health-care needs | Any in past 12 months | 12.5 | 13.1 | 11.6 | 10.7 |
Regular doctor | Yes in past 12 months | 84.3 | 79.5 | 89.2 | 84.7 |
Health care quality (past 12 months) | Excellent | 41.6 | 38.2 | 33.6 | 36.5 |
Good | 44.4 | 42.5 | 48.1 | 43.3 | |
Fair or poor | 11.1 | 10.5 | 16.7 | 13.9 | |
Health care satisfaction (past 12 months) | Very satisfied | 50.8 | 48.5 | 41.2 | 40.8 |
Somewhat satisfied | 35.9 | 33.3 | 40.7 | 40.4 | |
Less than satisfied | 10.3 | 9.1 | 16.1 | 12.1 | |
Quality of MD care† (past 12 months) | Excellent | 59.6 | 56.6 | 52.3 | 58.3 |
Good | 32.6 | 32.6 | 36.0 | 33.1 | |
Fair or poor | 5.2 | 6.8 | 11.1 | 6.9 | |
Satisfaction of MD care† (past 12 months) | Very satisfied | 69.2 | 65.2 | 61.0 | 64.8 |
Somewhat satisfied | 23.2 | 25.7 | 29.2 | 27.0 | |
Less than satisfied | 4.2 | 4.8 | 8.9 | 6.1 | |
Health-care use‡ (past 12 months) | Any chiropractic care | 100 | 11.4 | 100 | 12.9 |
GP care only | 0 | 67.2 | 0 | 68.8 | |
Both GP and DC care | 85.3 | 9.7 | 87.7 | 11.3 | |
Chiropractic care only | 14.7 | 1.7 | 13.3 | 1.6 | |
No GP or DC care | 0 | 20.7 | 0 | 17.5 | |
Chiropractic visits (past 12 months) | 0 | 0 | 88.5 | 0 | 86.8 |
1 | 20.9 | 2.4 | 14.7 | 1.9 | |
2–5 | 34.9 | 4.0 | 34.1 | 4.4 | |
6–10 | 15.8 | 1.8 | 20.4 | 2.6 | |
11–20 | 18.0 | 2.1 | 19.5 | 2.5 | |
21–30 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 6.8 | 0.9 | |
31+ | 5.8 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 0.6 | |
Mean, median | 8.22, 4 | 0.94, 0 | 8.80, 5 | 1.14, 0 | |
General practitioner or family doctor visits (past 12 months) | 0 | 14.7 | 22.5 | 12.3 | 19.1 |
1 | 22.4 | 22.8 | 19.8 | 21.8 | |
2–5 | 50.0 | 41.8 | 49.7 | 42.8 | |
6–10 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 7.9 | |
11–20 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 8.0 | 6.6 | |
21–30 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | |
31+ | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | |
Mean, median | 3.18, 2 | 2.84, 2 | 3.69, 2 | 3.31, 2 | |
All health-care visits (past 12 months) | 0 | 0 | 6.9 | 0 | 5.2 |
1 | 0.7 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 7.9 | |
2–5 | 14.6 | 38.6 | 11.4 | 39.0 | |
6–10 | 24.1 | 22.1 | 22.4 | 22.3 | |
11–20 | 28.7 | 15.3 | 32.3 | 15.5 | |
21–30 | 14.7 | 4.9 | 17.6 | 5.7 | |
31+ | 17.2 | 4.9 | 15.5 | 4.5 | |
Mean, median | 17.11, 14 | 8.69, 5 | 17.97, 15 | 8.66, 5 | |