Household out-of-pocket medical expenditures and national health insurance in Taiwan: income and regional inequality

Table 2 Multivariate Regression Results

Variables	Coefficient	Standard Error
Constant	8.6900 ***	0.0604
Demographic variables
Married	0.1511 ***	0.0188
Male	-0.1399 ***	0.0194
Employed	-0.2753 ***	0.0330
Age
25–44	-0.0284	0.0413
45–64	-0.0158	0.0430
65 and above	0.2983 ***	0.0524
(Under 25 is the default variable)
Education
Junior high	0.0561 **	0.0184
Senior (vocational) high	0.1269 ***	0.0169
Junior college	0.2568 ***	0.0220
College and above	0.2891 ***	0.0230
(Primary school and below is the default variable)
Family members	0.1668 ***	0.0053
NHI	-0.2657 ***	0.0391
Household income
Lower 20%~2nd quintile	0.1638 ***	0.0362
Middle 20%~3rd quintile	0.3405 ***	0.0358
Higher 20%~4th quintile	0.5847 ***	0.0363
Highest 20%~5th quintile	0.8981 ***	0.0371
(Lowest 20%~1 quintile is the default variable)
Regional variables
Center	0.1077 ***	0.0237
South	0.0010	0.0217
East	0.3802 ***	0.0504
(North is the default variable)
Interaction effects
Lower 20% income/NHI	0.0327	0.0443
Middle 20% income/NHI	-0.0664	0.0441
Higher 20% income/NHI	-0.2465 ***	0.0445
Highest 20% income/NHI	-0.4146 ***	0.0447
Center/NHI	0.0785 **	0.0322
South/NHI	0.1693 ***	0.0286
East/NHI	-0.4471 ***	0.0639
Numbers of observation	23925
F	177.81
Prob >F	0.0001
R-squared	0.1621
Adjust R-squared	0.1612

*** Significant at 0.01 level; ** significant at 0.05 level; * significant at 0.1 level.

ISSN: 1472-6963