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Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression of sociodemographic, health care, and health status factors on frequent and severe pain

From: Patient involvement in medical decision-making and pain among elders: physician or patient-driven?

Variable (reference group)

Frequent pain OR (95% CI)

Severe pain OR (95% CI)

Sociodemographics

  

Age

0.99 (0.97, 1.00)

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

Male (vs. female)

0.81 (0.67, 0.98)3

0.78 (0.54, 1.14)

Race/ethnicity

  

   Hispanic (vs. non-Hispanic white)

0.74 (0.54, 1.01)

0.74 (0.44, 1.26)

   Other (vs. non-Hispanic white)

0.84 (0.56, 1.26)

2.28 (1.24, 4.21)2

Less than high school grad. (vs. grad.)

0.97 (0.78, 1.20)

1.08 (0.76, 1.55)

Married (vs. single)

0.92 (0.77, 1.10)

1.00 (0.72, 1.39)

Residence

  

   Rural (vs. urban)

0.77 (0.64, 0.92)3

0.89 (0.65, 1.23)

   Frontier (vs. urban)

0.86 (0.66, 1.12)

0.78 (0.48, 1.28)

Income

  

   $10–20,000 (vs. < $10,000)

1.06 (0.81, 1.39)

0.81 (0.52, 1.26)

   $21–30,000 (vs. < $10,000)

1.02 (0.75, 1.38)

0.96 (0.57, 1.62)

   $31,000 and higher (vs. < $10,000)

0.90 (0.67, 1.20)

0.87 (0.52, 1.46)

   Missing (vs. < $10,000)

0.95 (0.72, 1.25)

0.99 (0.63, 1.56)

Health care

  

Insurance

  

   Medicare (vs. uninsured)

0.69 (0.41, 1.16)

0.41 (0.19, 0.86)3

   Medicaid (vs. uninsured)

0.72 (0.44, 1.18)

0.35 (0.17, 0.71)2

   Medicare plus other. (vs. uninsured)

0.85 (0.52, 1.39)

0.31 (0.15, 0.64)2

   Other private/gov. ins. (vs. uninsured)

0.64 (0.37, 1.09)

0.34 (0.15, 0.76)2

No. of physician visits past 6 months

1.02 (1.01, 1.04)2

1.02 (1.00, 1.03)

Physician-driven participation index

0.99 (0.91, 1.06)

1.14 (0.99, 1.30)

Patient-driven participation index

0.82 (0.75, 0.89)3

0.93 (0.80, 1.09)

Tenure with doctor

  

   Less than 1 year (vs. no personal doctor)

0.92 (0.64, 1.33)

0.51 (0.27, 0.98)3

   1–2 years (vs. no personal doctor)

0.95 (0.70, 1.30)

0.74 (0.43, 1.25)

   3–4 years (vs. no personal doctor)

0.87 (0.64, 1.18)

0.56 (0.33, 0.96)3

   5 or more years (vs. no personal doctor)

0.92 (0.71, 1.19)

0.65 (0.42, 0.99)3

Health status

  

No. of comorbidities

  

   1 (vs. none)

1.06 (0.87, 1.27)

1.18 (0.84, 1.66)

   2 (vs. none)

0.96 (0.74, 1.25)

1.50 (0.99, 2.28)

   3 or more (vs. none)

1.01 (0.71, 1.43)

1.51 (0.90, 2.50)

Ever diagnosed with arthritis (vs. never)

3.62 (3.03, 4.33)1

1.54 (1.01, 2.35)3

SF-12 mental component score

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)

0.98 (0.97, 1.00)

General health status

  

   Excellent (vs. poor)

0.14 (0.09, 0.22)1

0.49 (0.20, 1.19)

   Very Good (vs. poor)

0.30 (0.21, 0.41)1

0.24 (0.14, 0.42)1

   Good (vs. poor)

0.41 (0.31, 0.54)1

0.33 (0.21, 0.50)1

   Fair (vs. poor)

0.69 (0.52, 0.92)2

0.56 (0.39, 0.81)3

  1. 1 p < 0.0001, 2 p < 0.01, 3 p < 0.05
  2. note: Analyses of severe pain were limited to those with frequent pain.