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Table 5 Multiple Tobit regression analyses with mean costs in 3-month period in € (year 2008 values) as dependent variable for total costs and by health care sector

From: Health care costs in the elderly in Germany: an analysis applying Andersen’s behavioral model of health care utilization

 

Predictor variables

Total costs

Inpatient costs

Outpatient costs

Nursing costs

  

b (SE) (p-value)a

b (SE) (p-value)a

b (SE) (p-value)a

b (SE) (p-value)a

Predisposing factors

Age (centered)

13.33**

(4.33)

(0.002)

9.51*

(4.34)

(0.028)

3.44*

(1.41)

(0.015)

2.70***

(0.62)

(0.000)

Female gender (ref: male)

21.65

(55.06)

(0.694)

53.46

(55.52)

(0.336)

-12.91

(17.89)

(0.471)

-2.70

(6.58)

(0.682)

Marital status (ref: married)

Single

139.92

(148.79)

(0.347)

208.98

(187.53)

(0.265)

-5.57

(45.92)

(0.903)

30.72

(30.40)

(0.312)

Divorced

103.85

(104.36)

(0.320)

246.97

(139.17)

(0.076)

-23.71

(32.22)

(0.462)

6.68

(15.69)

(0.670)

Widowed

79.49

(74.99)

(0.289)

146.20

(84.96)

(0.085)

-16.02

(23.70)

(0.499)

6.57

(8.98)

(0.465)

Education (ref: ≤ 9 years of schooling)

10-11 years of schooling

-14.95

(69.77)

(0.830)

-46.73

(65.42)

(0.475)

41.26

(23.29)

(0.077)

9.80

(10.64)

(0.357)

≥ 12 years of schooling

-122.42

(76.53)

(0.110)

-160.88**

(62.54)

(0.010)

-26.87

(25.35)

(0.289)

2.40

(10.25)

(0.815)

Body mass indexc

11.37*

(5.37)

(0.034)

1.74

(5.25)

(0.740)

5.88**

(1.75)

(0.001)

0.54

(0.59)

(0.362)

Enabling

Incomeb c

0.02

(0.043)

(0.653)

0.03

(0.04)

(0.505)

0.02

(0.014)

(0.107)

-0.01

(0.01)

(0.382)

Private health insurance (ref: statutory)

146.31

(106.51)

(0.170)

175.79

(130.97)

(0.180)

54.08

(34.31)

(0.115)

0.85

(14.65)

(0.954)

Lubben social network scalec

4.53

(5.17)

(0.381)

5.92

(5.06)

(0.242)

-1.01

(1.68)

(0.548)

0.31

(0.58)

(0.596)

Need

CIRS-G scorec

41.18***

(5.05)

(0.000)

18.23***

(4.77)

(0.000)

17.19***

(1.64)

(0.000)

3.05***

(0.68)

(0.000)

SF-12 Mental component summary (MCS)c

-13.90***

(2.72)

(0.000)

-8.71***

(2.59)

(0.001)

-3.56***

(0.89)

(0.000)

-1.14***

(0.33)

(0.001)

Averaged pseudo R2

 

0.003

0.008

0.004

0.007

Averaged Chi2

 

158.04

58.52

195.52

139.65

  1. aMultiple Tobit regression with marginal effects for the unconditional expected value E[y] of the dependent variable; bsquare root equivalence scale for 3 months; *p <0 .05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; SE = standard error; cthe variable was mean centered; N = 3,124 with multiple imputation, imputation steps 100, cycle length 200. The bold data denotes those effects being significant.
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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