Table 2 Predictors of burdensome medical costs
From: A National study of burdensome health care costs among non-elderly Americans
Unadjusted models | Predictor | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Age | Age (continuous) | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.48 |
Model 2: Health Status | Excellent, very good, or good (Ref.) | -- | -- |
Fair or poor | 3.75 (3.13-4.50) | <0.001 | |
Model 3: Income | Income >50 K (Ref.) | -- | -- |
Income 30-50 K | 2.18 (1.78-2.67) | <0.001 | |
Income <30 K | 4.94 (4.02-6.09) | <0.001 | |
Model 4: Insurance | Employer (Ref.) | -- | -- |
Self pay | 0.84 (0.65-1.10) | 0.22 | |
Medicare | 2.71 (1.99-3.69) | <0.001 | |
Medicaid | 2.55 (1.80-3.62) | <0.001 | |
Other government insurance | 1.36 (0.91-2.03) | 0.11 | |
Other, including parents’ insurance | 0.83 (0.53-1.31) | 0.42 | |
No insurance | 4.66 (3.89-5.58) | <0.001 | |
Combined model | Predictor | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
Model 5: health status + income + insurance + ethnicity + race + age + sex* | Poor health | 2.60 (2.12-3.20) | <0.001 |
Income 30-50 K | 1.73 (1.40-2.13) | <0.001 | |
Income <30 K | 2.30 (1.79-2.95) | <0.001 | |
Self pay insurance | 0.82 (0.62-1.07) | 0.15 | |
Medicare | 1.43 (1.02-2.03) | 0.04 | |
Medicaid | 1.32 (0.88-2.00) | 0.18 | |
Other government insurance | 1.01 (0.66-1.54) | 0.99 | |
Other, including parents’ insurance | 0.86 (0.54-1.38) | 0.53 | |
No insurance | 3.11 (2.53-3.83) | <0.001 | |
Hispanic | 1.03 (0.80-1.32) | 0.82 | |
African American | 1.23 (0.98-1.51) | 0.063 | |
Asian | 0.76 (0.44-1.32) | 0.33 | |
Age | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 0.82 | |
Female sex | 1.41 (1.21-1.64) | <0.001 |