Table 3 Bivariate relations between the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) and health-related outcomes
| Â | N | % | Mean PAM (SD) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Life style and self-management | ||||
Smoking status | 1,818 | Â | Â | 0.862 |
 No | 1,468 | 80.7 | 57.4 (14.4) |  |
 Yes | 350 | 19.3 | 57.5 (13.9) |  |
Self-checking blood glucose level | 1,820 | Â | Â | 0.822 |
 No | 1,090 | 59.9 | 57.5 (14.7) |  |
 Yes | 730 | 40.1 | 57.3 (13.8) |  |
Self-perceived knowledge | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Knowledge of type of diabetes | 1,781 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 No | 352 | 19.8 | 55.2 (14.6) |  |
 Yes | 1,429 | 80.2 | 58.1 (14.2) |  |
Knowledge about side-effects of medicines | 1,317 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 No | 118 | 9.0 | 51.5 (12.8) |  |
 Not really | 282 | 21.4 | 52.6 (12.7) |  |
 On the whole, yes | 226 | 17.2 | 56.6 (13.0) |  |
 Yes | 691 | 52.5 | 60.6 (14.5) |  |
Knowledge about what to do when blood glucose level is too high | 1,780 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 No | 285 | 16.0 | 54.8 (14.8) |  |
 Not really | 371 | 20.8 | 54.1 (13.5) |  |
 On the whole, yes | 249 | 14.0 | 56.5 (12.5) |  |
 Yes | 875 | 49.2 | 59.9 (14.5) |  |
Healthcare utilization | ||||
Blood sample to check HbA1C | 1,806 | Â | Â | 0.218 |
 Within the past 12 months | 1,672 | 92.6 | 57.5 (14.3) |  |
 Over 12 months ago/Never | 50 | 2.8 | 59.5 (16.1) |  |
 Don’t know | 84 | 4.7 | 55.2 (13.6) |  |
Blood sample to check cholesterol level | 1,811 | Â | Â | 0.007 |
 Within the past 12 months | 1,598 | 88.2 | 57.7 (14.3) |  |
 Over 12 months ago/Never | 130 | 7.2 | 56.5 (13.2) |  |
 Don’t know | 83 | 4.6 | 52.8 (14.2) |  |
Blood pressure measurement by healthcare provider | 1,821 | Â | Â | 0.132 |
 Within the past 12 months | 1,769 | 97.1 | 57.4 (14.3) |  |
 Over 12 months ago/Never | 40 | 2.2 | 58.4 (16.3) |  |
 Don’t know | 12 | 0.7 | 49.3 (10.6) |  |
Feet check by doctor | 1,808 | Â | Â | 0.004 |
 Within the past 12 months | 1,428 | 79.0 | 57.9 (14.3) |  |
 Over 12 months ago/Never | 339 | 18.8 | 55.5 (14.2) |  |
 Don’t know | 41 | 2.3 | 53.3 (14.4) |  |
Eye examination | 1,828 | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Within the past 24 months | 1,698 | 92.9 | 57.7 (14.4) |  |
 Over 24 months ago/Never | 113 | 6.2 | 53.8 (13.1) |  |
 Don’t know | 17 | 0.9 | 48.9 (12.8) |  |
Self-reported clinical values | ||||
Level of blood glucose | 1,783 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Between 2% and 7% | 717 | 40.2 | 59.2 (14.4) |  |
 Between 7% and 9% | 514 | 28.8 | 58.3 (14.1) |  |
 Between 9% and 24% | 72 | 4.0 | 54.9 (14.3) |  |
 Don’t know | 480 | 26.9 | 54.4 (13.6) |  |
Diastolic blood pressure | 1,764 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Lower than 90 | 1,227 | 69.6 | 58.6 (14.2) |  |
 90 or higher | 232 | 13.2 | 56.3 (14.3) |  |
 Don’t know | 305 | 17.3 | 53.7 (13.1) |  |
Systolic blood pressure | 1,788 | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Lower than 140 | 924 | 51.7 | 58.8 (14.4) |  |
 140 or higher | 600 | 33.6 | 56.7 (13.9) |  |
 Don’t know | 264 | 14.8 | 53.9 (13.3) |  |