Table 2 Overview of studies included in the systematic literature review

Aarts et al. [21]

The Netherlands

To examine the three theoretical aspects (social process, emergent change, socially negotiated judgments) to understand the implementation process.

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews, observations, document analysis

10 members of the project team from different disciplines

Teaching hospital

4.329

194

Aarts & Berg [22]

The Netherlands

To understand the outcomes of CPOE implementation using a heuristic model and to identify factors that determine successful implementation.

Qualitative

Open interviews, observations, document analysis

25 interviews with project team members, physicians, nurses, technical and clerical personnel

Teaching hospital & regional hospital

1.090

47

Ash et al. [23]

USA/Virginia, Washington, California

To find out how some hospitals had successfully implemented POE.

Quantitative and Qualitative

Survey, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observations

Quantitative: 1000 hospitals (37% response rate) Qualitative: 32 interviews with physicians, nurses, pharmacists, IT-staff, administrators

quantitative : 1000 hospitals qualitative: 2 teaching hospitals, 2 community hospitals

-

37

Ash et al. [24]

USA/Virginia, Washington, California

To describe perceptions of POE held by diverse professionals at both teaching and nonteaching sites where POE has been successfully implemented.

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observations

Physicians, administrators, and information technology personnel

2 teaching hospitals, 2 community hospitals

4.329

160

Boyer et al. [25]

France

To examine health care professionals’ opinions on the critical events (opportunities and barriers) surrounding EMR implementation

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews

115 psychiatrists, nurses, psychologists and social assistants, secretaries and administrative professionals

Psychiatric teaching hospital

0.420

0

Cresswell et al. [26]

United Kingdom

To explore how EHR has shaped professional practice and what consequences these changes had for organizational functioning, record keeping and patient care.

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews, observations, documents

66 users and other hospital staff,

3 hospitals, 1 acute setting, 1 community and mental health.

-

13

Ford et al. [27]

USA

To assess complete versus incomplete HIT implementation levels among U.S. hospitals in light of the various technology adoption strategies employed and to discuss the implications with respect to meaningful use for hospitals that have adopted the different HIT strategies.

Quantitative

Survey

1,814 hospitals

All kinds of hospitals

-

13

Gastaldi et al. [28]

Italy

To examine how hospital performance can be improved by enhancing and balancing knowledge exploration and exploitation capabilities through the development of an EMR.

Qualitative

Interviews, archival data

27 interviews in three hospitals

3 hospitals, 2 teaching and 1 non-teaching

-

2

Houser & Johnson [29]

USA/Alabama

1. To determine the status of implementation of EHRs in hospitals in the state of Alabama; 2. To assess the factors that are driving the decision making for implementation of EHRs; and 3. To assess the perceptions of HIM professionals of the benefits, barriers, and risks that are associated with implementation of EHRs.

Quantitative

Survey

131 directors in health information management, 69% response rate

Members of the Alabama Hospital Association

-

19

Jaana et al. [30]

USA/Iowa

To present an overview of clinical information systems (IS) in hospitals and to analyze the level of electronic medical records (EMR) implementation in relation to clinical IS capabilities and organizational characteristics.

Quantitative

Survey

116 CEOs or CIOs, 84% response rate

Nonfederal hospitals

-

3

Katsma et al. [31]

The Netherlands

To contribute to the developments in method engineering, which promises a better participation of the user.

Qualitative

Interviews

12 people, being supported sponsor, process owner or key-user

4 hospitals

-

4

Ovretveit et al. [32]

Sweden

To describe and assess an implementation in one hospital and analyze this in relation to factors suggested by previous research to be important for successful implementation as well as in relation to a published USA case study, which used similar methods.

Qualitative

Interviews

30 persons, project leaders, supervisors, heads of division and clinics, instructor, nurses, physicians, and doctor secretary

Teaching hospital

2.480

86

Poon et al. [33]

USA

To provide more insight into the challenges to CPOE implementation.

Qualitative

Interviews

52 CIOs/CFOs/CMOs and senior managers from 26 hospitals (46 hospitals were contacted: 57% response rate

Both teaching and non-teaching hospitals

3.748

269

Rivard et al. [34]

Canada

To propose a substantive theory – a theory developed for a particular area of inquiry (Gregor, 2006) – to provide an organizational culture-based explanation of the level of difficulty of a CIS implementation and of the implementation practices that can help reduce the level of difficulty of this process.

Qualitative

Interviews

43 people, physicians, nurses, and administrators

3 hospitals, 2 teaching and 1 community hospital

2.654

9

Scott et al. [35]

USA/Hawaii

To examine users’ attitudes to implementation of an electronic medical record system in Kaiser Permanente Hawaii.

Qualitative

Interviews

26 senior physicians, managers and project team members

One hospital, 4 clinics

13.511

174

Simon et al. [36]

USA/Massachusetts

To identify attitudes, behaviors and experiences that would constitute useful lessons for other hospitals embarking on CPOE implementation

Qualitative

Interviews, observations

24 physicians, nurses and pharmacists

5 community hospitals

-

2

Takian et al. [37]

England

To report on a case study of the implementation of an EHR (RiO) into a mental health setting delivered though the NPfIT and analyzed using our adapted ‘socio technical changing framework’.

Qualitative

Interviews, observations, document analysis

48 interviews with senior managers, implementation team members, healthcare practitioners

Mental health hospital

2.254

0

Ward et al. [38]

USA

To examine the impact of clinical information system implementation on nurses’ perceptions of workflow and patient care throughout the implementation process.

Quantitative

Survey

705 nurses

Rural hospital

-

3

Ward et al. [39]

USA

To examine staff perceptions of patient care quality and the processes before and after implementation of a comprehensive clinical information system (CIS) in critical access hospitals (CAHs).

Quantitative

Survey

840 nurses, providers, and other clinical staff

Critical access hospitals

2.540

0

Weir et al. [19]

USA/Utah

To identify factors that discriminate successful from non-successful implementation of OE/RR 2.5 in order to prepare for the next version.

Quantitative

Survey

52 medical administration staff, administrators, support staff, users (ward clerks, physicians, and nurses), and physician opinion leaders (92 received survey, thus 57% response rate)

6 hospitals

-

29

Yoon-Flannery et al. [40]

USA/New York

To determine pre-implementation perspectives of institutional, practice and vendor leadership regarding best practice for implementation of two ambulatory electronic health records (EHRs) at an academic institution.

Qualitative

Interviews

31 interviews with institutional leaders, practice leaders and vendor leaders.

Teaching hospital

-

25