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Table 4 Incidence rate ratios of health system characteristics associated with avoidable hospitalizations

From: Avoidable hospitalizations in Switzerland: a small area analysis on regional variation, density of physicians, hospital supply and rurality

Characteristic

All avoidable hospitalizations

Asthma

CHF

COPD

Diabetes

Hypertension

Intercept

0.005*

0.000*

0.002*

0.001*

0.001*

0.001*

Year 2008†

-

-

-

-

-

-

Year 2009

1.155*

0.979

0.923*

1.011

0.954

1.066*

Year 2010

1.168*

1.105*

0.940*

1.042*

0.904*

1.016

Primary care physicians per 10000

0.986*

0.989

0.998

1.006

1.015*

1.003

Q1‡

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q2

1.033

0.827*

1.060

1.043

1.174*

1.064

Q3

1.028

0.819*

0.996

1.049

1.152*

1.043

Q4

1.043

0.769*

1.021

1.046

1.132*

1.065

Q5

0.905*

0.883

1.002

1.029

1.189*

1.020

Specialists per 10000

1.017*

1.048*

1.017*

1.017*

1.019*

1.013

Q1‡

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q2

1.019

1.162

0.961

0.996

1.073

1.018

Q3

1.066*

1.044

1.008

1.031

1.126*

0.985

Q4

1.067*

1.262*

1.040

1.101*

1.063

1.005

Q5

1.152*

1.330*

1.132*

1.125*

1.162*

1.131

Proportion of residents in rural communities

1.113*

0.799

1.207*

1.061

0.981

0.888

Q1‡

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q2

0.987

0.918

1.023

0.895*

0.999

0.887

Q3

1.038

0.842

1.044

1.148*

0.990

0.967

Q4

1.037

0.771*

1.047

1.006

1.055

0.972

Q5

1.115*

0.859

1.171*

1.022

1.009

0.897

Hospital beds per 10000

1.000

1.001

0.999

1.001

1.000

0.998

Q1‡

-

-

-

-

-

-

Q2

1.008

1.144

1.040

0.959

1.134

0.918

Q3

1.023

1.076

1.027

1.069

1.141

0.804*

Q4

1.026

1.023

1.032

1.073

1.141

0.838*

Q5

1.024

1.062

1.001

1.069

1.070

0.877

Type of hospital reimbursement

0.949

1.414*

1.005

0.909

0.932

0.662*

  1. *Significant incidence risk ratio, p < 0.05.
  2. †Year 2008 as the reference.
  3. ‡Incidence risk ratio from a model with annual quintiles of continuous explanatory variables with the first quintile as the reference, quintiles are varying across years therefore no threshold levels are given in the table.