| |
Managed care
|
Protocolized care
|
Usual care
|
Mean differences in costs between managed and usual care (95% CI)
|
Mean differences in costs between protocolized and usual care (95% CI)
|
|---|
| |
(n = 215)
|
(n = 197)
|
(n = 333)
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
|---|
|
Direct health care costs
|
1259 (2712)
|
1568 (3288)
|
2607 (8678)
|
-1348 (-2593 to-531)
a
|
-1188 (-2559 to -339)
a
|
-1057 (-2333 to -201)
a
|
-794 (-2082 to 52)
|
|
Direct non-health care costs
|
17 (102)
|
19 (127)
|
13 (92)
|
4 (-10 to 25)
|
8 (-6 to 29)
|
7 (-10 to 33)
|
6 (-13 to 33)
|
|
Total direct costs
|
1276 (2715)
|
1587 (3293)
|
2620 (8680)
|
-1344 (-2606 to -541)
a
|
-1181 (-2597 to -334)
a
|
-1050 (-2336 to -191)
a
|
-788 (-2042 to 47)
|
|
Indirect costs
|
1727 (8808)
|
1125 (4548)
|
1328 (4840)
|
461 (-524 to 2277)
|
758 (-353 to 2701)
|
-78 (-782 to 836)
|
-96 (-844 to 823)
|
|
Total costs
|
3003 (9457)
|
2711 (5690)
|
3949 (10328)
|
-882 (-2415 to 932)
|
-423 (-2146 to 1566)
|
-1128 (-2682 to 86)
|
-884 (-2281 to 323)
|
- Usual care is the reference category.
- Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
- Model 2: further adjusted for diabetes duration, marital status, educational level and retirement.
-
aSignificantly different (P < 0.05) from usual care.
