From: Cost-outcome description of clinical pharmacist interventions in a university teaching hospital
Equation 1: Cost avoidance for individual intervention | Probability of an ADE occurring X cost of an ADE[30]OR (0 or 0.01 or 0.1 or 0.4 or 0.6) X €1057 | |
---|---|---|
Probability of an ADE occurring | Probability score | Example |
No harm expected | 0.00 | Pharmacist suggests changing patient from esomeprazole to omeprazole exclusively for economic reasons. |
Very low | 0.01 | Patient regularly takes a bisphosphonate, but medication omitted from hospital kardex |
Low | 0.10 | Patient takes an antibiotic twice daily, when recommended dose would be three times daily. |
Medium | 0.40 | Metformin dose not reduced despite patient demonstrating renal impairment. |
High | 0.60 | Patient prescribed amiodarone while currently taking digoxin without any reduction in digoxin dose. |