Table 3 Methods of engagement for each engagement level across the international association for public participation (IAP2) spectrum

Mass Media (commercials, advertisements, mailings) [14, 41]

Focus group [42]

Forums for debate [13]

Patient advisory councils/committees [12, 24, 28, 37, 38, 41, 43]

Citizen jury [12, 14, 44]

Website [13]

Patient surveys [12, 14, 23, 26, 44, 45]

Health panels [12]

Expert patients [12]

Consumer managed project/service [32]

Press releases [13]

Feedback and complaints (i.e. interviews, comment cards etc.) [26, 29]

Shadowing patients [12]

Charrette [14]

Citizen’s panels [12, 14, 44]

Mail outs [13, 14]

Story-telling [13, 38]

Workshops [14, 23, 43, 44]

Constituent assembly [14]

Consensus conference [14, 44]

Fact sheets [1, 13, 14, 26]

Social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) [38]

Public meetings [23, 26]

Delphi Process [14]

Deliberative polling [14, 44, 46]

Hotline [14, 32]

Planning meetings/ Forums [23, 26]

Retreats [14]

Search conference [14]

Displays and exhibitions [38]

Suggestion boxes [26, 42]

Round tables [14]

Study circles [14, 24]

Presentations [38]

Patient diaries [26]

Impact assessments [41]

Study groups [35, 43]

Mystery shopping [26]

Ethics committees [41]

Sustainable community development [14]

World café [24, 26]

Think tanks [14]

Town hall meetings [24]

Revolving conversation [24]