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Table 3 Estimates of socio-demographics for access to prenatal care

From: Socio-demographic determinants and access to prenatal care in Italy

Variables

Logit

FE-Logit

RE-Logit

REM-Logit

CI (95%)

Age ≤ 20

1.65***

1.64***

1.65***

1.65***

1.39

1.97

 

(0.149)

(0.149)

(0.149)

(0.149)

  

Age 30 – 39

0.79***

0.78***

0.79***

0.79***

0.72

0.86

 

(0.036)

(0.036)

(0.036)

(0.036)

  

Age > 39

0.96

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.82

1.15

 

(0.084)

(0.084)

(0.084)

(0.084)

  

Nationality: EU-27

2.67***

2.70***

2.69***

2.69***

2.38

3.05

 

(0.169)

(0.174)

(0.172)

(0.172)

  

Nationality: Extra EU-27

2.49***

2.56***

2.55***

2.55***

2.31

2.82

 

(0.127)

(0.131)

(0.130)

(0.130)

  

Education: Medium

1.17***

1.16**

1.15**

1.15**

1.03

1.29

 

(0.067)

(0.068)

(0.067)

(0.067)

  

Education: Low

1.49***

1.46***

1.46***

1.45***

1.28

1.65

 

(0.094)

(0.094)

(0.093)

(0.093)

  

Occupation: Blue collar

0.88*

0.88*

0.88*

0.88*

0.76

1.02

 

(0.064)

(0.064)

(0.065)

(0.065)

  

Occupation: Unemployed

1.33***

1.41***

1.39***

1.39***

1.17

1.65

 

(0.115)

(0.126)

(0.123)

(0.123)

  

Occupation: Student

1.54***

1.55***

1.55***

1.55***

1.15

2.09

 

(0.233)

(0.235)

(0.235)

(0.235)

  

Occupation: Housewife

1.45***

1.39***

1.42***

1.42***

1.22

1.65

 

(0.112)

(0.110)

(0.111)

(0.111)

  

Marital status: Unmarried

1.41***

1.45***

1.44***

1.44***

1.32

1.58

 

(0.066)

(0.068)

(0.068)

(0.068)

  

Parity: 1+

1.53***

1.52***

1.53***

1.53***

1.41

1.66

 

(0.064)

(0.064)

(0.064)

(0.064)

  

Deprivation index: sed2

   

0.89

0.64

1.25

    

(0.154)

  

Deprivation index: sed3

   

0.92

0.76

1.12

    

(0.091)

  

Deprivation index: sed4

   

1.05

0.83

1.34

    

(0.130)

  

Year: 2006

0.87**

0.89*

0.88**

0.88**

0.78

1

 

(0.057)

(0.058)

(0.057)

(0.057)

  

Year: 2007

0.86**

0.86**

0.86**

0.86**

0.75

0.98

 

(0.057)

(0.057)

(0.057)

(0.057)

  

Year: 2008

0.84***

0.83***

0.83***

0.83***

0.73

0.94

 

(0.054)

(0.054)

(0.054)

(0.054)

  

Year: 2009

0.73***

0.73***

0.73***

0.73***

0.64

0.83

 

(0.049)

(0.049)

(0.049)

(0.049)

  

Year: 2010

0.70***

0.69***

0.69***

0.69***

0.6

0.78

 

(0.047)

(0.046)

(0.046)

(0.046)

  

Constant

0.05***

0.03***

0.05***

0.05***

0.04

0.06

 

(0.005)

(0.014)

(0.005)

(0.006)

  

σu

  

0.271

0.26

0.19

0.36

   

(0.042)

(0.042)

  

Ρ

  

0.021

0.02

0.01

0.04

   

(0.007)

(0.006)

  

LR test for ρ = 0

  

83.26***

66.02***

  

Observations

37,088

37,024

37,088

37,088

  

Adj. R-squared

0.08

0.09

.

.

  

Number of municipalities

  

91

91

  
  1. Notes: The confidence interval (CI) at 95% significance level refers to the ReM-Logit model (see text). Standard errors in brackets. Significant levels as follows: p-value *** ≤ 0.01, ** ≤ 0.05, * ≤ 0.1.
  2. Outcome of interest: odds ratios between being late in first visit (LFV) versus regular timing of first visit (RFV).
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