Table 6 Generalized estimating equations
Patient safety grade | Number of events reported | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-value* | OR (95% CI) | P-value* | |
Patient safety culture composites | ||||
Supervisor/Manager expectations & actions promoting patient safety | 1.06 (1.05 - 1.08) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.71 - 1.16) | 0.430 |
Organizational learning and continuous improvement | 1.91 (1.63 - 2.25) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.81 - 0.98) | 0.018 |
Teamwork within units | 1.34 (1.14 - 1.59) | 0.001 | 0.88 (0.84 - 0.92) | 0.000 |
Communication openness | 1.25 (1.20 - 1.31) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.82 - 1.34) | 0.710 |
Feedback and communications about error | 1.44 (1.33 - 1.56) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.49 - 1.51) | <0.001 |
Non-punitive response to error | 1.13 (1.07 - 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.04 - 1.13) | <0.001 |
Staffing | 1.30 (1.28 - 1.32) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.70 - 0.84) | <0.001 |
Hospital management support for patient safety | 2.80 (2.55 - 3.08) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.71 - 0.97) | 0.021 |
Hospital handoffs & transitions | 1.09 (0.94 - 1.26) | 0.253 | 1.05 (0.95 - 1.16) | 0.355 |
Teamwork across hospital units | 1.13 (1.09 - 1.17) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.83 - 1.06) | 0.328 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 0.50 (0.39 - 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.62 - 0.91) | 0.003 |
Age | ||||
Less than 30 years of age | 1 | 1 | ||
Between 30 and 45 | 0.91 (0.89 - 0.93) | <0.001 | 1.43 (0.96 - 2.13) | 0.076 |
Between 46 and 55 | 0.74 (0.48 - 1.16) | 0.188 | 1.23 (0.68 - 2.22) | 0.488 |
Aged above 55 | 0.66 (0.49 - 0.89) | 0.006 | 1.11 (0.42 - 2.98) | 0.830 |
Experience at the hospital | ||||
Less than 1 year | 1 | 1 | ||
1 to 5 years | 1.01 (0.75 - 1.36) | 0.928 | 0.42 (0.37 - 0.48) | 0.928 |
6 to 10 years | 1.13 (1.09 - 1.17) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.37 - 0.54) | <0.001 |
11 to 15 years | 1.13 (1.11 - 1.15) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.26 - 0.31) | <0.001 |
16 to 20 years | 1.31 (1.05 - 1.64) | 0.018 | 0.20 (0.12 - 0.32) | 0.018 |
More or equal to 21 years | 0.88 (0.56 - 1.38) | 0.578 | 0.27 (0.16 - 0.48) | 0.578 |
Highest degree | ||||
High school level or below | 1 | 1 | ||
Diploma level | 0.29 (0.24 - 0.35) | <0.001 | 18.88 (14.74 - 24.19) | <0.001 |
Baccalaureate degree | 0.23 (0.22 - 0.25) | <0.001 | 26.13 (24.34 - 28.05) | <0.001 |
Masters degree | 0.13 (0.09 - 0.17) | <0.001 | 47.61 (30.17 - 75.04) | <0.001 |
Doctorate degree | 0.21 (0.09 - 0.50) | <0.001 | 56.09 (7.55 - 416.96) | <0.001 |
Other | 0.24 (0.16 - 0.37) | <0.001 | 9.57 (7.86 - 11.66) | <0.001 |
Position at the hospital | ||||
Administration/Management | 1 | 1 | ||
Attending/Staff physician | 0.67 (0.57 - 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.22 - 0.62) | <0.001 |
Dietician | 0.09 (0.02 - 0.35) | 0.001 | 0.74 (0.43 - 1.27) | 0.273 |
Infection control practitioner/Coordinator/Nurse | 0.22 (0.08 - 0.64) | 0.006 | 0.91 (0.48 - 1.73) | 0.781 |
Patient care assistant/Hospital Aide/Care partner | 0.85 (0.30 - 2.35) | 0.748 | ||
Pharmacist | 0.37 (0.06 - 2.16) | 0.270 | 1.32 (1.06 - 1.65) | 0.015 |
Physical, occupational, speech therapist | 0.32 (0.08 - 1.19) | 0.088 | 0.15 (0.12 - 0.18) | <0.001 |
Physician assistant/Nurse practitioner | 0.68 (0.68 - 0.69) | <0.001 | ||
Registered nurse | 0.35 (0.13 - 0.93) | 0.034 | 0.86 (0.79 - 0.94) | 0.001 |
Resident physician/Physician in training | 0.29 (0.12 - 0.75) | 0.010 | 1.14 (0.48 - 2.71) | 0.770 |
Respiratory therapist | 0.13 (0.06 - 0.27) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.3 - 1.91) | <0.001 |
Quality staff | 0.15 (0.03 - 0.65) | 0.011 | 1.23 (0.49 - 3.06) | 0.656 |
Unit assistant/Clerk/Secretary | 0.32 (0.20 - 0.51) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.13 - 0.21) | <0.001 |
Technician (e.g., EKG, Lab, Radiology) | 0.95 (0.62 - 1.45) | 0.803 | 0.32 (0.14 - 0.75) | 0.009 |
Other | 0.48 (0.11 - 2.06) | 0.324 | 0.26 (0.11 - 0.59) | 0.001 |
Interaction with patients | ||||
No | 1.08 (0.79 - 1.46) | 0.633 | 1.18 (0.97 - 1.43) | 0.102 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
Hospital size | ||||
Small | 1.58 (1.25 - 1.99) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.60 - 0.65) | <0.001 |
Large | 1 | 1 | ||
N | 1005 | 1029 | ||