Can community retail pharmacist and diabetes expert support facilitate insulin initiation by family physicians? Results of the AIM@GP randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Within and between-group change from workshop to end of study (15 months)

	Group	Descriptive statistics Mean (SD)		Change at 15 months: *Within-group p*-value	Change at 15 months: Between groups
		Workshop	Final	Change at 15 months: *Within-group p*-value	Adjusted mean (SE)	95% CI	*Between-group p*-value
HbA1c^*,%	I (n = 73)	7.12 (0.42)	7.09 (0.41)	0.34	0.02 (0.04)	(−0.05 to 0.09)	0.63
HbA1c^*,%	C (n = 76)	7.20 (0.52)	7.15 (0.51)	0.13
% patients HbA1c ≤ 7.0%	I (n = 73)	58.40 (16.20)	58.68 (15.40)	0.76	−1.22 (1.30)	(−3.78 to 1.35)	0.35
% patients HbA1c ≤ 7.0%	C (n = 76)	55.95 (15.65)	57.58 (16.12)	0.15
FPG^† level in mmol/L	I (n = 71)	7.86 (0.67)	7.78 (0.68)	0.13	0.01 (0.07)	(−0.13 to 0.15)	0.85
FPG^† level in mmol/L	C (n = 70)	7.89 (0.69)	7.82 (0.68)	0.22
% patients prescribed OAD^‡	I (n = 73)	80.87 (10.83)	83.32 (9.98)	< 0.001	0.87 (0.65)	(−0.42 to 2.16)	0.18
% patients prescribed OAD^‡	C (n = 76)	79.24 (12.06)	81.12 (11.14)	< 0.001
OAD score^§	I (n = 73)	1.32 (0.20)	1.37 (0.21)	< 0.001	0.01 (0.02)	(−0.03 to 0.04)	0.65
OAD score^§	C (n = 76)	1.38 (0.21)	1.41 (0.24)	0.02
% patients prescribed insulin	I (n = 73)	11.53 (8.93)	17.14 (10.64)	< 0.001	−1.06 (0.88)	(−2.80 to 0.69)	0.23
% patients prescribed insulin	C (n = 76)	11.53 (8.51)	18.38 (10.82)	< 0.001
Insulin daily dose (units)	I (n = 61)	47.91 (21.24)	53.64 (22.71)	< 0.01	5.96 (2.83)	(0.35 to 11.56)	0.04
Insulin daily dose (units)	C (n = 57)	57.19 (26.21)	54.94 (23.65)	0.30
Intensification of diabetes management^**	I (n = 73)	--	31.59 (14.17)	--	−0.29 (2.35)	(−4.93 to 4.34)	0.90
Intensification of diabetes management^**	C (n = 76)	--	32.80 (14.91)	--

Note: CI = confidence interval, ANCOVA = analysis of covariance with treatment, stratum, and pooled site effects and the corresponding baseline value as covariate used for the change from baseline (difference: endpoint-baseline) with p-values based on actual data.
^*HbA1c – glycosylated hemoglobin.
^†FPG – fasting plasma glucose.
^‡OAD – oral anti-diabetes drug.
^§OAD score = sum of all OADs prescribed; OAD ½ to maximum dose = 1 OAD.
^¶These are between-group results where change from workshop to 15 months was compared between intervention and control groups using ANCOVA, treatment effect is adjusted for baseline effect and pooled site effect.
^**Intensification of diabetes management – Increased dose of OAD or insulin, increased OAD score, or the addition of insulin; Intensification is a one-time post workshop variable, therefore no within group differences.

ISSN: 1472-6963