Data | Classen 1991[17] | Bates 1993[14] | Bates 1995[15] | Lazarus 2003[18] | Berga Cullere 2008[16] | Morimoto 2011[19] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Severity ADEs | 101 (14%) Severe | - | 3 (1%) Death | - | - | 16 (2%) Death |
600 (82%) Moderate | Â | 30 (12%) Life-threatening | 49 (5%) Life-threatening | |||
30 (4%) Mild | Â | 73 (30%) Serious | Â | Â | 330 (33%) Serious | |
141 (57%) Significant | 615 (61%) Significant | |||||
Severity Preventable ADEs | - | - | 0 Death | - | 4 (4%) Life-threatening, 10 (11%) Severe | - |
14 (20%) Life threatening | 77 (85%) Moderate | Â | ||||
30 (43%) Serious | ||||||
26 (37%) Significant | ||||||
Causality ADEs | 450 (62%) Definite | 56% Probable | - | - | 2 (1%) Definite | - |
276 (38%) Probable | 44% Possible †| 98 (51%) Likely |  | |||
5 (1%) Possible | Â | Â | Â | 55 (29%) Possible | Â | |
39 (20%) Unclassified | Â | |||||
Medication accountable for ADEs | 227 (31%) Analgesics | 25% Antibiotics | 73 (30%) Analgesics | 86 (88%) Analgesics | 32 (16%) Antibiotics | 365 (36%) Antibiotics |
171 (23%) Antibiotics | 15% Cardiac | 59 (24%) Antibiotics | 5 (5%) Anti-coagulants | 18 (9%) Opiates | 87 (9%) Sedatives | |
142 (19%) Cardiovascular | 12% Anticoagulants | 20 (8%) Sedatives | 3 (3%) Antianxiety | 11 (6%) Corticoids | 78 (8%) NSAIDs | |
68 (9%) Anti-coagulants | 48% Other †| 18 (7%) Antineoplastics | 2 (2%) Diuretics | 10 (5%) Analgesics | 73 (7%) Laxatives | |
18 (2%) Psychotherapeutic ¥ |  | 9 (4%) Cardiovascular ¥ | 2 (2%) Antibiotics | 8 (4%) Diuretics ¥ | 52 (5%) Antihypertensives ¥ | |
Medication accountable for Preventable ADEs | - | - | 20 (29%) Analgesics | - | - | 26 (18%) Electrolytes |
6 (9%) Antibiotics | 25 (18%) NSAIDs | |||||
7 (10%) Sedatives | 19 (13%) Antibiotics | |||||
5 (7%) Antipsychotic | 9 (6%) Antihypertensives | |||||
4 (6%) Diabetes ¥ | 6 (4%) Other analgesics ¥ | |||||
Stage of medication errors associated with Preventable ADEs | - | - | 39 (56%) Ordering | - | - | 45 (35%) Ordering |
4 (6%) Transcription | 0 Transcription | |||||
3 (4%) Dispensing | 0 Dispensing | |||||
24 (34%) Administration | 15 (11%) Administration | |||||
77 (55%) Monitoring |