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Table 4 Annual direct medical, indirect and total costs – results of the Gamma regression models – adjusted for age, sex, school education, alcohol consumption and physical activity

From: The association of smoking status with healthcare utilisation, productivity loss and resulting costs: results from the population-based KORA F4 study

Parameter

Total direct medical costs

Total indirect costs

Total costs

 

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

 

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

Smoking status

Current smoker

1.06 [0.88–1.27]

1.28 [0.95–1.73]

1.24 ** [1.03 – 1.49]

 

Occasional smoker

0.73 [0.50–1.06]

1.26 [0.68–2.36]

0.96 [0.65 – 1.41]

 

Former smoker

1.26 *** [1.10–1.45]

1.31 ** [1.03–1.68]

1.35 *** [1.18 – 1.55]

 

Never smoker

1.00

1.00

1.00

  1. *** significant at the 1% level/** significant at the 5% level.
  2. n=3,068 due to missing information on school education in three subjects.
  3. 1€ was assigned to observations with costs=0.