Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participating sites
Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital Type | AMC1 / Community | Community | Community | AMC | AMC | VAMC2 |
Region | Northeast | Southeast | Southeast | Midwest | West Coast | Midwest |
Setting | Urban | Suburban | Suburban | Urban | Urban | Rural |
Number of Beds | 653 | 110 | 535 | 600 | 450 | 45 |
Teaching Status | Teaching | Teaching | Non-teaching | Teaching | Teaching | Teaching |
Inpatient CPOE3 | Yes (Cerner) | No (moving to Cerner) | No | Yes (Epic) | No (moving to Epic) | Yes |
Medication Reconciliation Software | Yes, integrated with CPOE | No (but yes with Cerner) | Yes | Yes, integrated with CPOE | In progress (yes with Epic/Apex) | Yes, not fully integrated |
% patients for whom site has electronic access to ambulatory medication history | 50% | 0% | <10% | ~100% | 50% | 95% |
Clinicians primarily responsible for taking medication histories | Jointly shared by physicians and nurses | Nurses first, then physicians | Pharmacy and nursing | Nurses | Physicians | Residents and PAs |
Process of medication reconciliation at discharge | Physicians use electronic tool to reconcile medications | Nurses fill out a reconciliation form, physicians reconcile medications | Physicians reconcile medications using paper form | Physicians/NPs/ | Physicians write orders, pharmacists available by request to reconcile medications | Physicians or pharmacists, depending on time of day |
PAs4 reconcile discharge medications |