Table 4 Comparison of total scores and percent positive scores from each sub-dimension across Japan, Taiwan and the U.S.
From: The characteristics of patient safety culture in Japan, Taiwan and the United States
Comparisons of Total Scores | Comparisons of Percent Positive Scores | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country1 | Country2 | Difference of mean score | Cohen's d | P | 95% CI | Difference of mean score | Cohen's d | P | 95% CI | |||
(Country1-Country2) | (Country1-Country2) | |||||||||||
Frequency of events reported | Japan | Taiwan | 2.59 | 0.96 | † | <0.01 | (2.48–2.69) | 0.35 | 0.88 | † | <0.01 | (0.34–0.37) |
Japan | U.S. | 0.78 | 0.27 | <0.01 | (0.70–0.86) | 0.07 | 0.17 | <0.01 | (0.06–0.08) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | −1.81 | −0.63 | † | <0.01 | (−1.87–−1.74) | −0.28 | −0.68 | † | <0.01 | (−0.29–−0.27) | |
Overall perceptions of patient safety | Japan | Taiwan | 0.38 | 0.17 | <0.01 | (0.26–0.49) | 0.02 | 0.05 | <0.01 | (0.00–0.03) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.51 | −0.16 | <0.01 | (−0.61–−0.42) | −0.10 | −0.29 | <0.01 | (−0.11–−0.09) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | −0.89 | −0.29 | <0.01 | (−0.97–−0.82) | −0.12 | −0.34 | <0.01 | (−0.12–−0.11) | |||
Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety | Japan | Taiwan | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.07 | (−0.01–0.23) | −0.02 | −0.07 | <0.01 | (−0.03–−0.01) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.75 | −0.24 | <0.01 | (−0.84–−0.66) | −0.11 | −0.35 | <0.01 | (−0.12–−0.10) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | −0.86 | −0.27 | <0.01 | (−0.94–−0.79) | −0.09 | −0.28 | <0.01 | (−0.10–−0.08) | |||
Organizational learning—continuous improvement | Japan | Taiwan | −1.25 | −0.77 | † | <0.01 | (−1.32–−1.17) | −0.26 | −0.80 | † | <0.01 | (−0.27–−0.24) |
Japan | U.S. | −0.88 | −0.44 | <0.01 | (−0.94–−0.83) | −0.17 | −0.50 | † | <0.01 | (−0.18–−0.16) | ||
Taiwan | U.S. | 0.36 | 0.18 | <0.01 | (0.32–0.41) | 0.09 | 0.26 | <0.01 | (0.08–0.10) | |||
Teamwork within hospital units | Japan | Taiwan | −0.59 | −0.24 | <0.01 | (−0.71–−0.48) | −0.09 | −0.27 | <0.01 | (−0.10–−0.08) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.77 | −0.25 | <0.01 | (−0.85–−0.68) | −0.09 | −0.28 | <0.01 | (−0.09–−0.08) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | −0.17 | −0.06 | <0.01 | (−0.25–−0.10) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | (−0.01–0.01) | |||
Communication openness | Japan | Taiwan | 0.68 | 0.33 | <0.01 | (0.59–0.77) | 0.11 | 0.32 | <0.01 | (0.10–0.13) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.58 | −0.24 | <0.01 | (−0.65–−0.51) | −0.12 | −0.32 | <0.01 | (−0.13–−0.11) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | −1.26 | −0.53 | † | <0.01 | (−1.32–−1.21) | −0.23 | −0.63 | † | <0.01 | (−0.24–−0.22) | |
Feedback and communication about error | Japan | Taiwan | 0.57 | 0.27 | <0.01 | (0.47–0.66) | 0.09 | 0.24 | <0.01 | (0.07–0.10) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.47 | −0.19 | <0.01 | (−0.54–−0.40) | −0.10 | −0.25 | <0.01 | (−0.11–−0.09) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | −1.03 | −0.41 | <0.01 | (−1.09–−0.97) | −0.18 | −0.48 | <0.01 | (−0.19–−0.17) | |||
Nonpunitive response to error | Japan | Taiwan | 0.85 | 0.41 | <0.01 | (0.75–0.95) | 0.13 | 0.40 | <0.01 | (0.12–0.15) | ||
Japan | U.S. | 0.21 | 0.08 | <0.01 | (0.13–0.29) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.59 | (−0.01–0.02) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | −0.64 | −0.24 | <0.01 | (−0.71–−0.58) | −0.13 | −0.33 | <0.01 | (−0.14–−0.12) | |||
Staffing | Japan | Taiwan | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.96 | (−0.10–0.13) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.39 | (−0.01–0.02) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −1.39 | −0.46 | <0.01 | (−1.48–−1.30) | −0.17 | −0.52 | † | <0.01 | (−0.18–−0.16) | ||
Taiwan | U.S. | −1.41 | −0.46 | <0.01 | (−1.48–−1.33) | −0.18 | −0.54 | † | <0.01 | (−0.18–−0.17) | ||
Hospital management support for patient safety | Japan | Taiwan | −0.32 | −0.17 | <0.01 | (−0.42–−0.23) | −0.07 | −0.19 | <0.01 | (−0.08–−0.06) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.93 | −0.38 | <0.01 | (−1.00–−0.86) | −0.19 | −0.51 | † | <0.01 | (−0.20–−0.18) | ||
Taiwan | U.S. | −0.61 | −0.25 | <0.01 | (−0.67–−0.55) | −0.12 | −0.32 | <0.01 | (−0.13–−0.11) | |||
Teamwork across hospital units | Japan | Taiwan | −0.56 | −0.23 | <0.01 | (−0.68–−0.45) | −0.07 | −0.19 | <0.01 | (−0.08–−0.05) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.54 | −0.18 | <0.01 | (−0.63–−0.45) | −0.11 | −0.29 | <0.01 | (−0.12–−0.10) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.68 | (−0.05–0.10) | −0.04 | −0.11 | <0.01 | (−0.05–−0.03) | |||
Hospital handoffs and transitions | Japan | Taiwan | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.55 | (−0.18–0.07) | −0.04 | −0.11 | <0.01 | (−0.05–−0.02) | ||
Japan | U.S. | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.35 | (−0.15–0.04) | −0.05 | −0.14 | <0.01 | (−0.07–−0.04) | |||
Taiwan | U.S. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | (−0.08–0.07) | −0.02 | −0.04 | <0.01 | (−0.03–−0.01) | |||