Pharmacological primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention among diabetic patients in a multiethnic general practice population: still room for improvements

Table 2 Primary cardiovascular prevention by ethnicity (n=1273): risk factors, pharmacological intervention and proportion not achieving targets

Characteristics^a	Valid cases	Norwegians (n=830)	South Asians (n=265)	Others^b(n=178)	P^c
Age- and gender adjusted last available measure of risk factors for CVD (mean, 95% CI)
HbA1c, %	1205	6.9 (6.78-6.94)	7.4 (7.24-7.53)	7.2 (7.01-7.37)	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	1142	137.6 (136.4-138.7)	128.6 (126.4-130.8)	131.0 (128.5-133.5)	<0.001
DBP, mmHg,	1141	80.3 (79.6-80.9)	76.5 (75.3-77.8)	77.7 (76.2-79.0)	<0.001
Total chol, mmol/L	1198	5.3 (5.19-5.33)	5.1 (4.95-5.21)	5.3 (5.14-5.45)	0.049
LDL-chol, mmol/L	793	3.2 (3.09-3.24)	3.2 (3.01-3.31)	3.2 (3.02-3.37)	0.935
HDL-chol, mmol/L	1150	1.4 (1.35-1.40)	1.3 (1.22-1.32)	1.3 (1.29-1.40)	0.001
Total chol/HDL-chol	1150	4.0 (3.96-4.14)	4.2 (4.02-4.34)	4.2 (4.03-4.41)	0.181
Age- and gender adjusted proportion receiving pharmacological therapy (%, 95% CI)
Glucose lowering	1273	71.6 (68.4-74.7)	81.4 (76.6-86.3)	78.7 (72.7-84.8)	0.003
Anti-hypertensive	1273	62.2 (58.7-65.7)	41.2 (34.7-47.7)	42.2 (34.7-49.8)	<0.001
Lipid-lowering	1273	35.4 (32.0-38.8)	28.4 (22.7-34.0)	16.2 (10.9-21.6)	<0.001
Age- and gender adjusted proportions not achieving treatment targets among patients receiving pharmacological therapy (%, 95% CI)
HbA1c >7.5%	899	25.7 (21.2-30.2)	38.2 (30.5-45.9)	29.2 (21.2-37.3)	0.008
SBP > 140 mmHg	672	41.9 (37.5-46.4)	21.6 (12.2-31.0)	24.5 (14.0-35.1)	<0.001
DBP > 85 mmHg	671	25.4 (21.6-29.2)	25.1 (15.9 -34.2)	25.1 (14.7-35.3)	0.996
Total Chol/HDL-chol ≥ 4.0	382	37.3 (31.4-43.1)	33.0 (22.0- 44.1)	48.1 (29.5-66.8)	0.382

^a Multiple linear regression was used to estimate means and multiple logistic regression was used to estimate proportions in the groups adjusted for age and gender. HbA1c was additionally adjusted for diabetes duration. SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. HbA1c was log-transformed before applying the multiple regression model and the geometric means is presented.
Glucose- lowering therapy: prescription of anti-diabetic agents, insulin or any combinations. Anti-hypertensive therapy: prescription of one or combination of several agents. Lipid-lowering therapy: prescription of statins.
^b Patients from other regions than Western Europe/ North America and SA.
^c p-values. Wald tests were applied to test for differences in means and proportions between the groups adjusted for age and gender.

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