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Table 2 Adjusted all-cause or MS-specific ER and hospitalization visits

From: Resource utilization, costs and treatment patterns of switching and discontinuing treatment of MS patients with high relapse activity

Variablea

All-cause ER visits

All-cause hospitalizations

MS-specific ER visits

MS-specific hospitalizations

MS Relapse ≥2

1.33 (1.15-1.54)b

1.97 (1.67-2.32)b

1.72 (1.43-2.08)b

3.25 (2.47-4.29)b

Age group

    

  (36–45, Ref: 18–35)

0.81 (0.70-0.93)c

0.66 (0.54-0.80)b

0.82 (0.67-1.01)

1.20 (0.79-1.83)

  (46–55, Ref: 18–35)

0.75 (0.65-0.85)b

0.79 (0.66-0.94)c

0.70 (0.58-0.85)d

0.95 (0.63-1.43)

  (56–65, Ref: 18–35)

0.83 (0.72-0.95)c

1.02 (0.86-1.22)

0.70 (0.58-0.85)d

0.82 (0.54-1.25)

  (65+, Ref: 18–35)

1.12 (0.95-1.32)

1.70 (1.38-2.08)b

0.71 (0.55-0.90)c

0.92 (0.55-1.52)

Female (Ref: male)

1.10 (1.01-1.20)c

0.95 (0.85-1.06)

1.07 (0.93-1.22)

0.87 (0.68-1.12)

Region

    

  North Central (Ref: Northeast)

1.16 (1.03-1.30)c

1.09 (0.94-1.27)

1.60 (1.32-1.95)b

1.24 (0.88-1.76)

  South (Ref: Northeast)

1.03 (0.91-1.16)

1.01 (0.87-1.18)

1.33 (1.09-1.62)c

0.97 (0.68-1.38)

  West (Ref: Northeast)

0.95 (0.84-1.08)

0.93 (0.78-1.10)

1.64 (1.33-2.02)b

0.82 (0.54-1.22)

  Unknown (Ref: Northeast)

1.63 (0.54-4.92)

1.04 (0.22-4.85)

1.08 (0.14-8.55)

7.77 (1.57-38.53)c

Non-Employee (Ref: Employee)

1.07 (1.00-1.15)

1.06 (0.97-1.17)

1.12 (1.00-1.25)c

1.35 (1.09-1.67)c

Plan type

    

  HMO and POS capitation (Ref: FFS)

0.94 (0.85-1.04)

0.93 (0.81-1.06)

1.13 (0.98-1.30)

0.80 (0.58-1.11)

  Missing (Ref: FFS)

0.76 (0.59-0.98)

0.79 (0.57-1.11)

0.91 (0.63-1.32)

0.67 (0.27-1.65)

CCI

1.13 (1.10-1.16)b

1.21 (1.17-1.25)b

1.04 (1.0-1.09)

1.09 (1.01-1.17)c

Any MS symptoms

1.53 (1.40-1.67)b

1.47 (1.30-1.66)b

1.56 (1.36-1.80)b

1.70 (1.24-2.33)c

Any DMT use

0.87 (0.80-0.94)c

0.79 (0.72-0.87)b

0.96 (0.85-1.07)

1.24 (0.98-1.57)

All-cause ER visits

2.50 (2.31-2.71)b

1.75 (1.58-1.94)b

2.33 (2.07-2.62)b

1.86 (1.47-2.35)b

All-cause hospitalizations

1.37 (1.24-1.52)b

2.43 (2.16-2.73)b

1.46 (1.27-1.69)b

3.12 (2.43-4.01)b

  1. MS=multiple sclerosis; Ref=reference; HMO=health maintenance organization; POS=point of service; FFS=fee for service; CCI=Charlson Comorbidity Index; DMTs=disease modifying therapy; ER=emergency room.
  2. aVariables were from 2009 and outcomes measured in 2010.
  3. bAll tests were statistically significant at P<0.0001, c P<0.05; and d P<0.001.