Table 2 Descriptive information of study variables by hospitals and results of one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests on differences of means across 4 hospitals

Total fall rate/1000 patient-days

4.08

(3.06)

4.29

(3.24)

3.87

(2.13)

2.96

(1.96)

3.60

(2.78)

F = 5.23** (p = 0.001)

Injurious fall rate/1000 patient-days

.91

(1.11)

.97

(1.15)

.36

(.68)

.76

(.71)

1.01

(1.17)

F = 9.22** (p < 0.001)

Total productive nursing hours/patient-day

9.23

(2.23)

10.02

(2.09)

5.17

(.99)

9.05

(.73)

8.30

(.66)

F = 217.19** (p < 0.001)

Percentage of productive nursing hours provided by RNs

72.90%

(8.95)

76.82%

(6.82)

58.37%

(2.83)

58.87%

(2.85)

68.05%

(4.36)

F = 413.00** (p < 0.001)

Percentage of patients aged ≥ 65 years

35.93%

(16.40)

30.13%

(13.53)

66.58%

(9.18)

47.70%

(7.75)

38.10%

(8.28)

F = 263.99** (p < 0.001)

Average CMI value

1.76

(.72)

1.95

(.78)

1.30

(.24)

1.52

(.35)

1.31

(.26)

F = 59.36** (p < 0.001)

Percentage of patients with altered mental status at admission

9.93%

(11.91)

7.18%

(8.71)

25.11%

(16.14)

21.61%

(19.33)

8.39%

(7.16)

F = 106.94** (p < 0.001)

Percentage of patients with hearing difficulties at admission

11.33%

(10.96)

13.08%

(11.19)

10.87%

(10.96)

8.57%

(9.42)

5.16%

(7.59)

F = 24.93** (p < 0.001)

Call light use rate per patient-day

6.43

(5.32)

6.83

(6.03)

4.17

(2.02)

4.78

(2.85)

6.40

(2.55)

F = 8.72** (p < 0.001)

Patient call light use rate/patient-day (in 10 equal groups; 10 = least frequent, 100 = most frequent)

54.85

(28.30)

58.20

(30.00)

33.80

(14.96)

40.71

(18.08)

56.12

(21.74)

F = 27.09** (p < 0.001)

Call light response time in sec as well as in min and sec

798.34/

13 min 18 sec

(3909.11)

1047.30/17 min 27 sec

(4604.87)

190.40/

3 min 10 sec

(61.35)

186.92/3 min 7 sec

(30.11)

167.59/

3 min 8 sec

(55.49)

F = 3.50* (p = 0.02)

Call light response time (in 10 equal groups; 10 = fastest, 100 = slowest)

54.74

(28.60)

58.54

(28.76)

50.65

(27.53)

48.93

(18.46)

41.16

(27.80)

F = 18.26** (p < 0.001)