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Table 5 Results of multilevel analyses incorporating a random intercept for clustering of patients within general practitioners.

From: Outpatient costs in pharmaceutically treated diabetes patients with and without a diagnosis of depression in a Dutch primary care setting

Model

Constant

βdepression* (SE)

95% CI

Crude model

493

539 (41)

469; 634

Only group included

   

Model 1

521

548 (42)

473; 642

Crude model + age, sex

   

Model 2

544

542 (43)

461; 634

Model 1 + type of insurance

   

Model 3

490

540 (43)

459; 634

Model 2 + diabetes treatment

   

Model 4

370

408 (42)

331; 494

Model 3 + comorbidity1

   

Model 5

365

463 (42)

386; 554

Model 3 + comorbidity in three categories2

   
  1. * Difference in total annual costs between depressed patients with diabetes and non-depressed patients with diabetes
  2. 1 Limited set of selected comorbidities yes or no: coronary and peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, rheumatologic conditions, hyperlipidemia, cardiac disease, peptic acid disease, respiratory illness, pain and inflammation, pain, and anxiety and tension.
  3. 2 No comorbidity, 1 or 2 comorbid conditions, and 3 or more comorbid conditions