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Table 3 Infant and under-five mortality rates in Vietnam, 1997–2006

From: Inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health in Vietnam: a retrospective study of survey data for 1997–2006

 

IMR

   

U5MR

   

Year

1997

2000

2002

2006

1997

2000

2002

2006

1. Total sample

32.0

36.8

24.2

18.8

41.2

47.0

30.3

23.0

2. Living standards

        

Poorest quintile

42.4

45.5

33.6

19.8

61.0

59.5

43.9

24.0

2nd quintile

37.5

38.0

29.2

23.5

45.8

48.0

34.4

29.3

Middle quintile

30.7

35.5

20.8

22.5

33.4

45.0

25.6

26.8

4th quintile

28.7

26.3

19.0

14.3

37.0

32.3

25.8

17.8

Richest quintile

15.1

14.0

12.7

4.4

20.7

17.3

14.2

5.6

Ratio poor/rich

2.8

3.3

2.6

4.5

2.9

3.4

3.1

4.3

Concentration Index

−0.1639

−0.1913

−0.1764

−0.1896

−0.1828

−0.2024

−0.1843

−0.1875

p (CI = 0)

p < 0.05

p < 0.05

p < 0.05

p > 0.05

p < 0.05

p < 0.05

p < 0.05

p > 0.05

p (CI1997 = CI2006)

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

3. Education of mother

        

No education

38.8

47.5

25.9

32.3

57.0

63.0

35.6

41.0

Primary

38.7

40.0

29.5

17.3

50.9

51.5

34.3

20.8

Lower secondary

31.4

33.5

21.9

24.0

39.8

42.0

29.1

30.0

Upper secondary or higher

17.4

12.3

18.8

5.6

20.7

14.8

21.7

6.7

Ratio no education / upper secondary or higher

2.2

3.9

1.4

5.8

2.8

4.3

1.6

6.1

Concentration Index

−0.1071

−0.1685

−0.0785

−0.1137

−0.1278

−0.1809

−0.0734

−0.1157

p (CI = 0)

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p < 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p < 0.05

p > 0.05

p (CI1997 = CI2006)

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

p > 0.05

4. Ethnicity

        

Majority

27.0

32.0

23.2

15.8

34.7

40.0

28.4

18.8

Minority

55.6

44.5

28.5

33.8

72.5

58.3

38.5

43.0

Ratio minority / majority

2.1

1.4

1.2

2.1

2.1

1.5

1.4

2.3

5. Sex of child

        

Male

39.7

36.3

25.6

14.0

49.1

46.3

33.4

17.5

Female

23.5

36.0

22.7

20.8

32.6

46.3

27.0

25.5

Ratio female/ male

0.6

1.0

0.9

1.5

0.7

1.0

0.8

1.5

6. Place of residence

        

Urban

20.6

18.5

13.3

3.8

25.1

22.5

15.9

4.5

Rural

34.3

38.3

26.5

22.0

44.6

48.5

33.3

27.3

Ratio rural/ urban

1.7

2.1

2.0

5.9

1.8

2.2

2.1

6.1

7. Region

        

Red River Delta

25.1

39.3

22.4

29.8

32.3

50.0

27.2

37.3

Northern Uplands

40.7

35.0

28.2

29.0

50.2

44.0

32.9

37.0

North Central Coast

35.0

39.3

40.1

18.8

40.0

50.8

47.1

22.5

South Central Coast

31.4

32.5

17.8

10.8

40.8

41.0

19.8

13.0

Central Highlands

45.0

37.0

21.8

17.8

51.6

47.5

35.8

21.5

Southeast

17.8

13.0

11.0

6.8

17.8

16.0

19.5

8.5

Mekong River Delta

33.1

45.0

21.5

12.3

51.5

59.3

28.8

15.0

  1. Notes:
  2. 1. Infant mortality rate (IMR) = number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1,000 live births.
  3. 2. Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) = number of deaths of children less than five years of age per 1,000 live births.
  4. 3. p (CI = 0) = probability of concentration index being equal to zero (if p < 0.05, then there is a statistically significant difference between a concentration index of zero, indicating perfect equality, and the obtained concentration index; such a result indicates inequality).
  5. 4. p (CI1997 = CI2006) = probability of concentration index for 1997 being equal to concentration index for 2006 (if p < 0.05, then there is a statistically significant difference between the concentration index in 1997 and the concentration index in 2006; such a result indicates a change in inequality over time).
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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